SPATIAL STATISTIC

Fianal report

Presented by: Do Thi Kim Anh

Date: June 23, 2010
 SPATIAL STATISTIC
Fianal report

Table content
1. Source data and Exploratory Data
Analysis
2. Spatial structure analysis
3. Result estimate and uncertainty
4. Discussion and conclusion
Source data and Exploratory Data Analysis
- Data file: data2.prn
- Obtained from 95 rainfall
stations in Australia
- Includes two attributes, lowest
rainfall and highest rainfall.

-Irregular configuration
-Have no outliers
-High value areas focus on
boundary

Lack of
measurement
Distribution of lowest rainfall Distribution of highest rainfall
http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/cdo/about/sitedata.shtml
 Exploratory Data Analysis
A histogram is a useful device for exploring the shape of the distribution of the
values of a variable. Histograms are used for screening of outliers, checking
normality, or suggesting another parametric shape for the distribution

Skew right

Fairly
symmetric

Figure.3.Histogram of lowest rainfall Figure.3.Histogram of highest rainfall

 Exploratory Data Analysis
-to know relationship between two variables we use
scatterplot
-The pattern can be seen in a scatterplot is uncorrelate

Scatterplot of lowest rainfall

and highest rainfall -spatial clustering which create redundancy
- Use declus program to determine
declustering weights
-The table show the equal-weighted mean and
median are higher declusted weight
-However, Q-Q plots of equal weigh and
declusted are the same

Data is impacted by clustered

configuration very little. Use
equal weighted to continute
Q-Q plot for equal weight Q-Q plot for declusted spatial structure ananylis
 Spatial structure analysis
1. Experimental semivariogram
The experimental variogram is calculated by averaging onehalf the difference
squared of the z-values over all pairs of observations with the specified separation
distance and direction

Experimental omnidirectional semivariogram

of Lowest rainfall
- Considers all azimuths simultaneously.
- Contains more sample pairs per lag than
any directional variogram, and therefore is
more likely to show structure.
- Data configuration has not obviously -is the average of all directional variograms.
anisotropy Use omnidirectional -The Nugget Effect is more easily determined
semivariogram from the omni-directional variogram.
 Spatial structure analysis
1. Fitting semivariogram
Empirical semivariogram only computed overall variance for each speicfic lag
distance h and due to variation in the estimation it is not ensured that it is a valid
variogram, However Kriging need valid semivariograms  Need to semivariogram
model

Fitting
semivari
ogram
for
lowest
rainfall

Fitting
semivari
ogram
for
highest
rainfall
 Spatial structure analysis
1. Fitting cross-semivariogram

2. Validation of permissibility
(1)

•All principal minor determinants of order 2 are non-negative

The linear model of coregionalization (1) is positive semi – definite.

 Satisfy permissibility condition
 Estimation and uncertainty
Estimation for primary attribute: lowest rainfall by ordinary kriging
- OK allow accounting for all data in search neighborhood, even if they are no correlated
with the point being estimated
- OK is one such estimation approach that minimize uncertainty
- OK requires neither knowledge nor stationary of the mean over the entire area.

Estimation lowest rainfall by OK

-The proportions of high and low values

in the estimate field do not reflect those
in the sample
 Estimation and uncertainty
Estimation for primary attribute with second information:
- Second information: highest rainfall distribution as the same locations with primary
attribute, lowest rainfall  non – exhaustive secondary information
- Use ordinary cokriging approach that explicitly accounts for spatial cross correlation
between primary and secondary variables

Estimation lowest rainfall by OK Estimation lowest rainfall by OCK

-Estimation map is similar with OK

estimation map
 Estimation and uncertainty
Assessment uncertainty

Ordinary kriging variance Ordinary cokriging variance

Kriging variance depend on the data configuration

More observed data  small error variance
Data are sparse  larger error variance
Kriging variance is about the same whatever the surrounding data values
(largest uncertainty)
Red area in OK variance map is more than that of OCK variance map  OK
is more error variance than OCK
 Conclusion and Discussion
 Estimation and uncertainty
- Kriging integrates the knowledge gained from
analyzing the spatial structure: the variogram
- Kriging provides an indication of the estimation error
In areas of poor sampling error map will show large
values
In areas of dense sampling  error map will show low
values.
- Cokriging approach has smaller uncertainty than
kriging.
- Ordinary kriging variance assumption: The first-order
stationarity and Lagrange optimization  estimation
map exhibit a smoothing effect
 THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION

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