BASIC BACTERIOLOGY

Gram Positive – Negative Bacteria

Made Agus Hendrayana

Antony Van Leeuwenhoek (300 th yll)
- first simple microscope
- small microorganisme in many fluid
 Classification System
• 3 Domains :
– 1. Bacteria
• Unicellular prokaryotes with cell wall containing peptidoglycan
– 2. Archaea
• Unicellular prokaryotes with no peptodoglycan in cell wall
– 3. Eukarya
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
 MORPHOLOGY

• Bacillus / Rod
• Coccus
• Spiral
• Coccus

- Micrococcus
- Diplococcus (A)
Pneumococcus A C
Gonococcus
- Tetrade (B)
- Sarsina (E)
- Streptococcus (C)
- Staphylococcus (D) B D
E
 A
• Bacillus / Rod
- Coccobacil (A)
- Fusiform (B) B

- Streptobacil (C)

C
 A
• Spiral
- Vibrio
- Spirilum
- Spirochaeta B

C
 History
• The Gram staining method is named
after the Danish bacteriologist Hans
Christian Gram, published in 1884
• To discriminate between
pneumococci and Klebsiella
pneumoniae bacteria in lung tissue.
• Differentiating bacterial species into
two large groups (Gram-positive and
Gram-negative)
• Based on the chemical and physical
properties of their cell walls.
BACTERIAL CELL STRUCTURE
CELL WALL OF GRAM POSITIF & NEGATIF
Comparison of the structures of gram-
positive and gram-negative cell envelopes
Gram staining procedure
 Comparing Cell Wall Structures

Cell Wall Structures Gram Positive Gram Negative organisms

organisms
Inner cytoplasmic membrane Present Present
Peptidoglycan layer Thick Thin
Teichoic Acid Present Absent
Outer membrane layer Absent Present
Lipid A, LPS , Lipo-protien Absent Present
components
Peri-plasmic space Absent Present
 Gram Positive
Gram negative
 Applications of Gram staining:
• Is the first step towards classification of bacteria
from specimens
• It also the first step towards identification of bacteria
in cultures.
• Provides a vital clue in the diagnosis of infectious
diseases.
• Useful in estimation of total count of bacteria.
• Empirical choice of antibiotics can be made on the
basis of Gram stain’s report.
• Choice of culture media for inoculation can be made
empirically based on Gram’s stain report.