TIM ROSIE OTTO KATE

portraits
HUMPHREY OCEAN
portrait artist
 H. O.
portrait artist
Paul McCartney
b y H u m p h r e y O c e a n
o i l o n c a n v a s , 1 9 8 3
3 3 5 / 8 i n . x 1 9 1 / 2 i n .
( 8 5 4 m m x 4 9 5 m m )
N P G 5 6 9 5
 “When I do portraits,
what emerges is not the
essence of the person,
although it may be very
like them, but it is what
they were like, in front
of me, then.”
Humphrey Ocean
Facial recognition
 What
goes
on in a
mind
of an
artist?
H.O. : A CASE STUDY
OF AN ARTIST
Solso; Miall & Tchalenko
 The Cognitive
Neuroscience of Art:
A Preliminary fMRI
Observation
Robert Solso (2001)
f fM
MRRI I FFuunncctti ioonnaal l M
Maaggnneetti icc
RReessoonnaannccee I Im maaggi inngg
measures brain activity by
detecting changes
associated with blood
flow. This technique relies
on the fact that cerebral
blood flow and neuronal
activation are coupled.
H.O. is so efficient in his
perception and memory for
faces that he shifts his
attention to deeper forms
of cognition that involve a
more penetrating analysis
of faces.
FACIAL COGNIZANCE
- Unique form of facial
comprehension
 A Painter’s Eye
Movements:
A Study of Eye and
Hand Movement
during Portrait
Drawing
R.C. Miall
and John Tchalenko(2001)
• H . O . s p e n t 2 x a s m u c h f i x a t i n g o n
t h e m o d e l d u r i n g e a c h g l a n c e a s t h e
n o v i c e s d i d .

• H i s f i x a t i o n o n t h e m o d e l w a s
d i f f e r e n t f r o m h i s o r d i n a r y l o o k i n g
p a t t e r n .

• F i x a t i o n s s h i f t e d f r o m m o d e l t o
c a n v a s .

• D e t a i l - t o - d e t a i l r a t h e r t h a n h o l i s t i c
a p p r o a c h

• H a n d m o v e m e n t s w e r e s i m i l a r t o t h e
f i n a l s k e t c h
 HUMAN
HUMAN
INTELLIGENCE
INTELLIGENCE
“Cognitive scientists are
particularly interested in
human intelligence,
because intelligence
represents, in some
sense, the epitome of
human functioning—that
which makes us
distinctively human.”

Robert J. Sternberg
THE PROBLEM OF
DEFINITION
TOPICS RELATED:
• Concept formation
• Reasoning
• Problem solving
• Creativity
• Memory
• perception
AN INTELLIGENT PERSON…
• “reasons logically and
well”
• “reads widely”
• “keeps an open mind”
• “reads with high
comprehension”
CAN BE DEFINED IN
TERMS OF
• Individual differences in
reaction time
• Inspection time
• Working memory
WORKING DEFINITION
• Human intelligence is the
ability to acquire, recall,
and use knowledge to
understand concrete and
abstract concepts and the
relationships among
objects and ideas, and to
use knowledge in a
meaningful way.
NICKERSON, PERKINS, &
SMITH (1985)
• Settled on several abilities
that they believe represent
human intelligence.
 ABILITIES THAT REPRESENT
HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
• Ability to classify patterns
• Ability to modify behavior
adaptively
• Ability to reason
deductively
• Ability to reason
inductively
• Ability to develop and use
conceptual models
• Ability to understand
COGNITIVE THEORIES
OF INTELLIGENCE
INFORMATION
PROCESSING SPEED

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

REASONING AND
PROBLEM SOLVING
 INFORMATION PROCESSING
THEORY OF COGNITION

• Information Processing Speed

Works of:
1. Hunt (1978)
2. Hunt, Lunneborg, and Lewis
(1975)
3. Hunt and Lansman (1982)
INFORMATION PROCESSING
THEORY OF COGNITION

1. High and low ability SAT-takers

• Measure reaction times with
letter-matching task
• Trials vary depending on how
they are the same (physical
match, name-matching)
First condition: equal
Second: longer RT = low ability
INFORMATION PROCESSING
THEORY OF COGNITION

2. Modified form of Brown-

Peterson task: low or high verbal
ability
• 3 letter syllables after they
have counted backward by
threes
• High verbal ability performed
better (Sternberg paradigm)
High verbal ability performed the
best
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
FINDINGS BY THE STUDIES
MADE BY HUNT AND
OTHERS
• Information-processing
paradigm provides
many useful
procedures for the
study of human
intelligence
• STM is related to
verbal components of
intelligence
 GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
• Integral part of human
intelligence
• Tap an individual’s
understanding of the world

• Tests of general info may

provide important data on a
person’s current state of
knowledge and ability to
retrieve information.
COGNITIVE THEORIES
OF INTELLIGENCE
INFORMATION
PROCESSING SPEED

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

REASONING AND
PROBLEM SOLVING