Habitat Design

Presently 30% of Indian population lives in Urban areas

2032 – 41% of urban population expected.

Few cities are growing too fast.

Bigger cities and metros – haphazard growth.

Infrastructure and housing are much concerned and need

for channeling urban development is a challenging task in
India
Habitat Design
Selective and Corrective bureaucratic measures – Piece
meal approach by government.

Two dimensional thought by the government having

nodal links and distributing activities, introducing
networks and controls .

Architecture on individual buildings and complexes

rather than holistic vision of the city, while new
economic thrust on the infrastructure and planning.
Habitat Design
Need for a discipline to bridge infrastructure and
planning – Townscape design, City Architecture and
Urban Design

Buildings, architecture, heritage, transport, other

networks and social concerns in a integrated way.

Urban design had efforts on metro cities, architectural

aesthetics and theories

Efforts of urban design on its surroundings.

Habitat Design
Alchemy of social, cultural, economic, political and
environmental factors.

Living organism responds to any imbalance.

Architect plays initial role in altering buildings and

responsible for larger system.

Urban population increased in ten folds from 1901 to

2001, 27 million to 285 million in 2001.
Habitat Design
In 2050 – 50% of population is expected to be urban
setup.

Urban population in India second largest in the world

after China, as a consequence of this rapid increase, a
pressure on Habitat, Housing and infrastructure facilities
had arraised.

Indian cities act as engines of national growth, adding

value to rural production, serving regional markets and
attracting international investments.
Habitat Design
Metro lines – impact on its surroundings, on the
behaviour of people, additional development that may
happen around – Behavioral sciences, social sciences,
other humanities, law, finance and technology and more
importantly ecological aspects and resource utilization.

Smaller settlements - holistical thoughts on ecological

perspective would be appropriate to name as Habitat
design.
Urban Vision of India
Urban form and Density.
Public transport and walk ability.
Need for integrated but evolving framework
Problem of municipal governance
Strategic interventions versus Master planning.
Urban form and Density.
Density of population and its impact in city development.

High density vs. Low density comparisons.

Mumbai population in 1960’s to 1970’s – FSI & density

Monocentric structures and high population densities

tend to reduce the length and number of motorized trips
use less energy for transport, consume less land for
housing.

Japan have used incentives and regulation to reduce

emission intensity.
Urban form and Density.
Density of population and density of built up space.

Mumbai is certainly very dense in population perspective

but this density is being achieved through an inhuman
compromise of space and quality of life.
Site Planning
Architect’s role on site selection – Developing for any
project

Amenities available around the site – Site location.

Low cost of site is desirable with more amenity nearby.

Physical characteristics of site which affect planning.

Site Planning
Legal and Financial:

Conformity with master plan.

Deed restrictions if any, existing rights of way or

easements, Land legal documents problem if any.

Cost of land, ready to build.

Site Planning
Community Factors:

Availability of water, gas, electricity and sewers.

Cost of necessary off site extensions.

Capacity of existing facilities to take added load.

Location of schools, hospitals, public libraries, major

recreational areas, centers of employment, transportation
types available nearby area.
Site Planning
Neighborhood factors:

Character of existing neighborhood.

Impact on existing slums or possibility of slum

redevelopment.

Land use plan of surrounding area, shopping facilities

and other recreational facilities such as theatres,
restaurant,clubs, playgrounds etc.,
Site Planning
Physical characteristics:

-Periodic flooding
-Land soil condition – bearing capacity.
-Smoke and industrial odors.
-Noise
-Traffic arteries passing through if any.

Cost of the land also depends on site topography.

Site Planning
Site Topography – gradual slope or steeply slope.

Effects on planning due to topography of site.

Sites with soft ground, uncompacted fill or outcroppings

of rock.

Public facilities near by the site – if not available to be

extended till site.

Existing perimeter roads, existing shade trees.

Site Planning
Site orientation:

Sunlight, prevailing winds, views, airborne noises,

existing pattern of development, size and shape of lots,
Site Planning
Site Planning
Site Planning
Site Planning
Site Planning
Settlement Planning
Preamble:

National context,
Indigenous planning models,
availability of resources,
scope of national settlement planning,
Regional planning for rural areas,
metropolitan areas,
Scope of local planning,
improving existing settlements,
urban expansion,
Settlement Planning
Preamble:

new settlements,
individual rural settlements,
neighborhood planning,
temporary settlements,
planning for disasters,
settlement concerns on mobile groups,
planning process.
Settlement Planning
National context

Human settlements are result of multitude of needs and

decisions, both public and private.

Settlement and environmental planning and development

must occur within the framework of the economic and
social planning process at the national, regional and local
levels.

Balanced development for all regions.

Settlement Planning
National context

Integral part of development process rather than a

residual.

Difficulties inherent in a truly comprehensive approach,

suitable methods and procedures, adapted to actual
conditions and subject to continual improvement &
effectively linked to institutions which implement the
actual development of settlements
Settlement Planning
Indigenous planning models,

Best possible use of indigenous resources, within the

context of local culture and environment and not having
an influence of foreign settlement studies.

Ensuring that national goals and objectives are reflected

in human settlement planning, in particular social justice,
employment opportunities, economic self-sufficiency and
cultural relevancy
Settlement Planning
Demonstrating the advantages of local planning
approaches based on appropriate values, in particular
through pilot projects

Bringing planning and planners in close contact with the

people, with particular reference to the expressed needs
and aspirations of the poor

Actively supporting research and training in appropriate

technologies required for settlement planning and
development
Settlement Planning
availability of resources,

planning has lacked realism

fails to take account of resource limitations but often

wastes the few resources actually available, especially
human initiative and imagination.

Availability of resources be placed in an appropriate time

context, corresponding to short, medium and long-term
development goals
Settlement Planning
Assessment of the present situation be thorough and
frank, without minimizing difficulties, potential conflicts
or need for change

A comprehensive national ecological and demographic

inventory be prepared to guide long-range settlement
planning

Planning of physical and social structures and the pursuit

of socio-economic goals should be realistic

Evaluation of alternatives incase of any failures

Settlement Planning
scope of national settlement planning,

Some planning decisions are of national importance.

Although requiring local, regional and sectoral inputs,
they must ultimately be made at the national level.

Designation of major types of land use and their potential

Definition of a coherent set of relationships between

settlements or groups over the territory
Settlement Planning
Identification of regions or areas requiring special
attention: those that are particularly deprived, offer
unusual potential, or need special protection

Outlining the principal infrastructure network as well as

the broad distribution of social services

Provision for elements of vital importance for health and

survival, especially clean and safe water, clean air and
food
Settlement Planning
Regional planning for rural areas,

Regional planning is an essential tool for reconciling and

co-ordinating the objective of urban and rural
development. A major planning problem in
predominantly rural areas is the economical provision of
employment opportunities, adequate services, and
infrastructure to widely dispersed populations.

intermediate settlements with sufficient dynamism to

counteract the attraction of the great metropolises
Settlement Planning
Designation of towns of appropriate size as social,
economic and cultural centres for their rural hinterland

Growth poles for relatively undeveloped regions,

employment opportunities, economic productivity, rural
regional institutions and designation of rural
development regions of many villages

Schemes for village amalgamation and programmes of

shared services and facilities which cannot be provided to
dispersed populations

The need to save land from excessive exploitation of

national and regional resources
Settlement Planning
Regional planning for metropolitan areas

Megalopolises and other large urban areas are an

increasing phenomena. Their nature and their
relationships with surrounding rural areas, are extremely
complex. Only effective comprehensive regional
planning can cope with this complexity

metropolitan tier of government or a special planning

authority to deal with a cluster of interrelated problems
requiring an integrated solution
Settlement Planning
Modification of the boundaries of metropolitan areas

Co-ordinated provision of food, water and energy

supplies, transportation, disposal of solid and fluid waste,
pollution control measures, education and health delivery
systems

Protection of regional ecology

Settlement Planning
Scope of local planning

Individual settlements of all sizes must be guided in their

orderly development by plans reflecting local
requirements and conditions. This should occur within
the framework set by national and regional planning

Designation of general land-use patterns and changes

over time

Location of main activities with special attention to their

relationships
Settlement Planning
Recognition of the need to phase and direct development
through the timely provision of concentrated
infrastructure and services, and the deferral of such
provision in areas not yet appropriate for urban
development

The need to eliminate personal alienation and isolation

and social and economic segregation

Formulation of social and economic programmes of

development
Settlement Planning
improving existing settlements

Settlement planning cannot merely focus on new urban

development for many settlements already exist. The
improvement, renewal and rehabilitation of these
settlements should therefore be continuous

major challenge in improvement of quality of life, and of

the existing fabric of settlements. When ill-conceived it
may result in the destruction of the economic and social
fabric of entire neighbourhoods
Settlement Planning
Undertaking major clearance operations only when
conservation and rehabilitation are not feasible and
relocation measures are made

Providing for the welfare of the affected inhabitants

especially with respect to employment opportunities and
basic infrastructure

including care of children and the aged, maternity care,

apprenticeship, employment information, security and
use of low-cost techniques, and the direct involvement of
the present inhabitants
Settlement Planning
urban expansion

Expected population growth and migration mean that

urban expansion will be the most common and universal
development challenge. However, urban expansion can
take the form of urban sprawl, and it is then costly,
wasteful and ecologically destructive

Securing legislation, legal instruments and regulations

Active participation of a well-informed public

Protection of ecosystems and critical land

Settlement Planning
Integrated development of basic services, facilities
and amenities

Employment opportunity and access to work places

Integration and improvement of squatter and

marginal settlements