MPEG-1

INTRODUCTION
 Audio/video digital compression std.
 Approved by ISO/IEC MPEG group in Nov 1991.
 Implemented for coding of Moving pictures and associated
audio for digital storage media at upto about 1.5Mbps.
 Common digital storage media include
compact Disc
Video compact Disc

 Supports non-interlaced video.

 Uses 4:2:0 chroma sub sampling.
(Contd..)

 1.2 Mbps for coded video & 256 Kbps for strero
audio.
 Supports only non inter-laced viedeo.
 Uses 4:2:0 chromo sub sampling.
MOTION COMPENSATION
 Is an algorithmic technique employed in the encoding of
video data for video compression.
 Motion compensation exploits the fact that,
– often, for many frames of a movie,
– the only difference between one frame and another
– is the result of either the camera moving or
– an object in the frame moving.
 much of the information that represents one frame will be
the same as the information used in the next frame.
 After predicting frames using motion compensation, the
coder finds the error (residual) which is then compressed
and transmitted.
(Contd..)
MOTION COMPENSATION
 Input image is divided into blocks of 8x8 pixels.
 Organized into macro blocks of 4 luminance blocks and
each of 2 types of chrominance blocks(cb,cr).
 3 types of encoded frames:
Intra frames(I-frames).
Predictive frames(P-frames).
Bidirectional frame(B-frames)..

 In MPEG, images are predicted from previous frames (P

frames) or bidirectional from previous and future
frames (B frames).
I-FRAMES

 Compressed independently of all previous

and future frames.
 Referrence point for the motion estimtion
needed to generate subsequent P or B-
frames.
 Provides higher degree of random
access,ease of editing,and greatest
resistance to its propagation of transmission
error.
(Contd...)
 Coded without any reference to past frames.
 Random access capability is possible.
 Do not use temporal correlation-
compression rate is quite low.
P-FRAMES

 Improves compression efficiency.

 Coded using motion-compensated prediction from
the last I or P-frames,whichever happens to be
closest.
 Compression efficiency is greater than I-frames.
 The I & P-frames are called ‘Anchor’ frames.
B-FRAMES

 Achieves high level of compression.

 Predictions based on future frames would have a
high probability of being accurate.
 Generated only after the future anchor frame has
been generated.
 Not used for predicting any other frame.
 Tolerate more error since error will not be
propagated by prediction process.
SEQUENCE ORDER

 2 types of sequence order:

Display order: sequence in which the video
sequence is displayed to the user.
Processing order: Different from display
order.
 The coding and the transmission order is different
from the display order of the video.
FORMAT FOR MPEG

 MPEG committee has provided some suggested

values for the various parameter.
 Suggested values are called the constrained
parameter bitstream.(CPB)
 Horizontal picture size: <=768 pixels.
 Vertical picture size: <=576 pixels.
 MBs/frame: <=396, if frame rate is 25 frames.
<=330, if frame rate is 30 frames.
VIDEO BITSTREAM

 Sequence layer:
consists of one or more groups of pictures.
Header contains info about picture such as
horizontal size,vertical size,pixel aspect
ratio,frame rate etc.
 GOP layer:
consists of one or more pictures.
Header contains info such as time-code to
indicate hour-minute-second frame from the start
of the sequence.
(Contd..)

 Picture layer:
contains one or more slices.
Header contains info about picture such as I, B
or P-frame.
 Slice layer:
contains variable number of MBs in a single
picture.
Length & position of each slice are specified
in the header.
(Contd..)

 Macroblock layer:
consists of 4 Y blocks, one cb block and one
cr block.
All blocks are 8x8.
 Block layer:
consists of differential DC coeff followed by
variable-length codes(VLC).
LIMITATIONS

 Provides reconstructed images of VHS quality for

moderate-to low motion video sequences.
 Worse than VHS quality for high-motion sequence
at rates around 1.2 Mbps.
 As the algorithm was targeted to applications such
as CD-ROM, there is no consideration of
interlaced video.
 To overcome these limitation, MPEG-2
recommendations are being used.