Group 17 Elements

Group 17 elements
 Fluorine, F  known as halogens.
 Chlorine, Cl  reactive non-metal

 Bromine, Br  exist as diatomic

 Iodine, I molecule ( F2 , Cl2 ,

 Astatine, At Br2 , I2 , At2 )
 Physical Properties
Element Proton Atomic MP BP Density Electro-
number radius / ( ºC) ( ºC) (g cm-3 negativity
nm
F2 9 0.071 -220 -188 0.0017 4.0

Cl2 17 0.099 -101 -35 0.0032 3.0

Br2 35 0.114 -7 59 3.13 2.8

I2 53 0.133 114 184 4.94 2.5

Poor conductor
of heat &
electricity Low melting
& boiling
point
Halogens

Low
densities
Down the group,
 atomic size ↑
 number of shells occupied with e ↑

 MP & BP ↑
 Molecular size ↑, Van der Waals forces
of attraction between molecules become
stronger. More heat energy is required to
overcome forces during melting / boiling.
Down the group,

 Density ↑
 ↑ in atomic mass > ↑ in volume

 Electronegativity ↓
 Atomic size ↑, outermost shell become

further away from nucleus. Strength of

nucleus to pull e become weaker.
Down the group,

 colour becomes darker

 F2 – Pale yellow gas

 Cl2 – Greenish-yellow gas

 Br2 – Reddish-brown liquid

 I2 – Purplish-black solid
 Chemical Properties
 All halogen atoms have 7 valence e−.
 1 more e− is needed to achieve stable
noble gas electron arrangement.
F + e− → F−
( 2.7 ) ( 2.8 )
Cl + e− → Cl−
( 2.8.7 ) ( 2.8.8 )
Br + e− → Br−
( 2.8.18.7 ) ( 2.8.18.8 )
 Chemical Properties
 Reactivity ↓ down the group.
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 At2
less reactive
 Atomic size ↑ down the group. Outermost
occupied shell becomes further away
from nucleus. Strength of nucleus to
attract 1 more e− ↓. Reactivity ↓ from F2
to At2.
Halogen + H2O
 Solubility of halogens in H2O ↓ down the group.
Cl2(g) + H2O(l) HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)
hydrochloric acid hypochlorous acid
 The acid solutions formed turn blue litmus paper
red before white. This is due to the presence of
hypochlorous acid which is also a bleaching
agent.
 Chlorine gas is prepared by mixing KMnO4
crystals with concentrated HCl.
8HCl(aq) + KMnO4(s) → KCl(aq) + MnCl2(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 5/2Cl2(g)
Halogen + Iron
 Halogens react with hot iron to form iron (III)
halides (brown solid).
2Fe(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2FeCl3(s)
Iron chlorine Iron (III)
chloride
 Soda lime ( CaO + NaOH ) is used to absorb
the excess poisonous chlorine gas/ bromine
vapor from escaping into the surroundings.
Halogen + NaOH
 Halogens react with cold NaOH solution to
produce water & colourless solution containing
salts of sodium halide & sodium halate (I).
Cl2(g) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)
sodium chloride sodium
chlorate
 Reactivity of halogens with NaOH ↓ from Cl2 to
I2.
 Safety precautions
 Halogens vapor is harmful &
poisonous.
 Must be handle in fume chamber.

 Wear safety goggles & gloves.

Having no inclination to think
in a negative way,
all that we hear will be
helpful & constructive to us.
~ Still Thoughts