Three of Ishikawa Basic Tools

Group 3
 Ishikawa’s Basic Tools of Quality
• Kaoru Ishikawa developed seven basic visual
tools of quality so that the average person
could analyze and interpret data.

• These tools have been used worldwide by

companies, managers of all levels and
employees. Today we will be looking at three
of these tools
 The Seven Tools
1.Histograms
2.Pareto Charts
3.Cause and Effect Diagrams
4. Run Charts
5.Scatter Diagrams
6.Flow Charts
7.Control Charts
 Pareto chart
Also called: Pareto diagram, Pareto analysis

Definition:
A Pareto chart is a bar graph. The lengths of
the bars represent frequency or cost (time or
money), and are arranged with longest bars on
the left and the shortest to the right. In this
way the chart visually depicts which
situations are more significant.
• The Pareto diagram is named after Vilfredo Pareto, a 19th-century
Italian economist who postulated that a large share of wealth is
owned by a small percentage of the population.
• This basic principle translates well into quality problems—most
quality problems result from a small number of causes.
• Quality experts often refer to the principle as the 80-20 rule; that
is, 80% of problems are caused by 20% of the potential sources.
• A Pareto diagram puts data in a hierarchical order (Figure in next
slide), which allows the most significant problems to be corrected
first.
• The Pareto analysis technique is used primarily to identify and
evaluate nonconformities, although it can summarize all types of
data.
• It is perhaps the diagram most often used in management
presentations.
• To create a Pareto diagram, the operator collects random data,
regroups the categories in order of frequency, and creates a bar
graph based on the results.
By rearranging random data, a Pareto diagram identifies and ranks
nonconformities in the quality process in descending order.
 Pareto Charts
• Pareto Chart Defined
– Pareto charts are used to identify and prioritize
problems to be solved.
– They are actually histograms aided by the 80/20
rule adapted by Joseph Juran.
• Remember the 80/20 rule states that approximately 80%
of the problems are created by approximately 20% of
the causes.
 Pareto Charts
• Constructing a Pareto Chart
– First, information must be selected based
on types or classifications of defects that
occur as a result of a process.
– The data must be collected and classified
into categories.
– Then a histogram or frequency chart is
constructed showing the number of
occurrences.
 When to use a Pareto Chart

• When analyzing data about the frequency of

problems or causes in a process.
• When there are many problems or causes
and you want to focus on the most
significant.
• When analyzing broad causes by looking at
their specific components.
• When communicating with others about your
data.
Pareto Charts
 Pareto Chart Examples
Example #1 shows how many customer complaints were received in
each of five categories.

If all complaints cause equal distress to the customer, working on

eliminating document-related complaints would have the most impact,
and of those, working on quality certificates should be most fruitful.
Example #2 takes the largest category, “documents,” from Example #1,
breaks it down into six categories of document-related complaints, and
shows cumulative values.
 Summary
• A Pareto diagram is a frequency chart of bars in
descending order
• In software development, the X-axis for a Pareto diagram
is usually the defect cause and the Y-axis the defect
count
• By arranging the causes based on defect frequency, a
Pareto diagram can identify the few causes that account
for the majority of defects
• It indicates which problems should be solved first in
eliminating defects and improving the operation.
• Pareto analysis is commonly referred to as the 80–20
principle (20% of the causes account for 80% of the
defects), although the cause-defect relationship is not
always in an 80–20 distribution.
 Cause and Effect Diagrams

• Constructing a Cause and Effect Diagram

– First, clearly identify and define the problem or effect for which
the causes must be identified. Place the problem or effect at the
right or the head of the diagram.
– Identify all the broad areas of the problem.
– Write in all the detailed possible causes in each of the broad areas.
– Each cause identified should be looked upon for further more
specific causes.
– View the diagram and evaluate the main causes.
– Set goals and take action on the main causes.
 Cause and Effect Diagrams
• Cause and Effect Diagram Defined
– The cause and effect diagram is also called the Ishikawa diagram
or the fishbone diagram.
– It is a tool for discovering all the possible causes for a particular
effect.
– The major purpose of this diagram is to act as a first step in
problem solving by creating a list of possible causes.
 Cause and Effect Diagrams
• An Example of When a Cause and Effect Diagram
Can Be Used
– This diagram can be used to detect the problem of
incorrect deliveries.
• Diagram on next slide
– Diagram obtained from:
<http://www.hci.com.au/hcisite/toolkit/causeand.htm>
– When a production team is about to launch a new
product, the factors that will affect the final product
must be recognized. The fishbone diagram can depict
problems before they have a chance to begin.
 Cause and Effect Diagrams
Diagram of the Incorrect Deliveries Example:
When to Use a Fishbone Diagram
Also Called: Cause-and-Effect Diagram, Ishikawa Diagram

• When identifying possible causes for a

problem.
• Especially when a team’s thinking tends to
fall into ruts.
 Flow Charts
• Flow Charts Defined
– A flow chart is a pictorial representation
showing all of the steps of a process.
 Flow Charts
• Creating a Flow Chart
– First, familiarize the participants with the flow chart
symbols.
– Draw the process flow chart and fill it out in detail
about each element.
– Analyze the flow chart. Determine which steps add
value and which don’t in the process of simplifying the
work.
 Flow Charts
• Examples of When to Use a Flow Chart
– Two separate stages of a process flow chart
should be considered:
• The making of the product
• The finished product
 Activity
• Process Flow Chart for Finding the Best Way
Home
– Construct a process flow chart by making the best
decisions in finding the best route home.
– Refer to the prior notes on flowcharts.
• Remember: Define and analyze the process, build a step-by
step picture of the process, and define areas of improvement
in the process.
» Answer is on the next slide
» Example obtained from:
<http://deming.eng.clemson.edu/pub/tutorials/qctools/flow
m.htm#Example>
 Works - Cited
• Your MBA: The Business Study Reference Site.
http://yourmba.co.uk/pareto_diagram.htm

• Hci Home Services. Cause and Effect Diagram.

http://hci.com.au/hcisite/toolkit/causeand.htm

Flowchart.
<http://http://deming.eng.clemson.edu/pub/tutorials/qctools/flowm.htm>