Commercial Hydroponics Is It Viable

Commercial Hydroponics- Is It Viable?
Presented by Lt Cdr (retd) CV Prakash, IN

CEO, Chief Visionary and Founder- The Institute of
Simplified Hydroponics, Bangalore, India
www.petbharoproject.co.in
Food and Water Security Seminar, Ahmedabad

26th and 27th Mar 2010
5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India
Water is Food is Life.
No Water-No Food! Simple .

Food security exists when all people, at all
“
times, have physical and economic access to
enough safe and nutritious food to meet
their dietary needs and food preferences for
an active and healthy lifestyle”
•To be "food secure" means…

Food is available / Food is affordable / Food is utilised

Food and Water Security-How they link up?

Situation on Ground

This Presentation Aims….
• To bring to each one present here an awareness of

a methodology of cultivation called Soil-less
Cultivation/Hydroponics.
• To educate the participants of how this technology
can play an important part in helping conserve
water and yet derive yields of unimaginable
magnitudes.
TO ESTABLISH THE VIABILITY OF HYDROPONICS IN

COMMERCIAL TERMS
Background
• Indians are demanding high quality, pesticide
free, fresh produce. Money not the criterion.
• Growing demand for high quality, microbe free,
medicinal and aromatic plants.
• People are aware of dangers of pesticides, global
warming and its ill effects. Media plays an
important role.
• Consistency, quality and yields possible only by
modern techniques of cultivation.
The Need for Change
• The definition of Insanity is……….doing the same thing
everyday, but expecting a DIFFERENT result……..
• A leap of faith is needed by one and all to try new

methodologies of sustainable cultivation.
• ISH India presents …………………………………………………

• One Partial solution….. Is
Soil-less Cultivation/Hydroponics.

What is Hydroponics
• Is the practice of growing plants without soil.

• Plants can be grown in plain nutrient solution or in sterile substrates,
therefore microbe free.
• Hydroponics uses less than 1/10th - 1/5th of the water used in soil
cultivation. Saves a lot of water.
• No weeds to deal with. Less space, higher yields.
Benefits of Hydroponic Cultivation- 1
Field versus Soil-less grown
Open field
• Farmer has no control on environment.
• Yields are not accurately predicted.
• Budgeting is ineffective.
• Cannot always ensure adequate aeration of the root zone.
Soil-less/Hydroponics
• Gives grower effective control over the environment.
• Yields are very predictable.
• Budgeting is easier,
• Root zone aeration as well as adequate porosity of medium is
ensured.

Plant nutrition
• Hydroponic nutrient solutions can be tailored to the plant’s requirements,

whereas in the field there is a tendency to over or under-fertilise.
• Hydroponic produce has all the macro-micronutrients that are needed by

the human body.
• Nutrients in the soil are often fixed as insoluble compounds that are not
available to plants and therefore a loss to the grower.
• Uneven nutrition is ensured by virtue of leaching and sloping of land

gradients.

Water Security and Savings
• Irrigation water in field grown operations cannot be effectively

recycled.
• Hydroponics can reduce irrigation water usage by 70% to 90%
by recycling the run-off water.
• As water becomes scarce, and important as a resource, the use
of hydroponics and other water saving technologies is needed
now and is poised to increase in time.

Microbial Diseases
• Fungal disease can be significantly reduced through controlled humidity.
• Hydroponic systems will reduce the amount of exposed moisture in the growing
environment.
• Hydroponics will effectively prevent wetting of the leaf surfaces which, in normal
agriculture, provides the fungal spores with the perfect medium to proliferate.
• Hydroponics eliminates the possibilities of root diseases by allowing sufficient

porosity for drainage of excess water as well as increases oxygen availability to the
root zone.
• Root zone temperatures are maintained as is ideal to ensure good growth of the
plant.

Labour
• Weeds are a major problem in Soil cultivation and calls for the use of
harmful herbicides. Most farmers spend an enormous amount of
money on labor for weeding.
• All labour inputs associated with soil management, such as digging

and weeding are eliminated with hydroponics.
• Substrates being sterile and inert, do not influence or allow weeds to

flourish.

Pest Management
• The use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in protected environments is
ideally suited to hydroponic growing techniques, especially when carried out in a
protected environment such as a glasshouse or plastic/polythene tunnels.
• The use of IPM can virtually eliminate the need to use toxic and expensive chemical
pesticides.
• Whereas IPM is much more difficult in Soil cultivation and calls for near total use
of dangerous, life threatening chemical pesticides.
• Diseases and pests from neighboring farms can cause spread of diseases in one’s
field crops.

Kinds of Hydroponics
• Simplified Hydroponics is a means for small and medium farmers to manage small
facilities , up to, say, 1 or 2 acres for commercial gain.
• This is a much cheaper system as it involves using cheap recyclable materials like
old wooden boxes, PET bottles, bamboo, etc to grow vegetables, herbs and certain
fruits.
• Commercial Hydroponic Greenhouse systems are capital expensive in the

beginning but pays off rich dividends depending upon the produce cultivated, the
markets these are sold to and the remuneration thus achieved by sales of premium
fresh produce in the right niche segments.
• When compared to Soil cultivation, Hydroponics reduces the need for farm
equipment, reduced labor , reduction of crop losses, gives consistent and
predictable yields.
Simplified Hydroponics Yield Data
Expected daily vegetable production from a Micro-garden- Average range ( 2 kilos per day) Area 20 Sq.M
Area in Grams per
Vegetables M2 Day Calories Proteins Fats Carbohydrates
Carrot 2 113 50 1.2 0.22 12
Cucumber 2 226 30 1.6 0.3 6
Garlic 1 57 85 3.63 0.28 18.84
Ginger 1 57 46 1.04 0.43 10.13
Eggplant 1 113 37 0.94 0.26 9.2
Bitter
Gourd 1 168 54 6.05 0.34 10.35
Green Bean 2 226 70 4.12 0.28 16
Onion 2 113 44 1.3 0.18 10
Peapod 1 113 47 3.16 0.23 9
Potato 2 226 180 4.78 0.24 40
Lady fingers
(Okra) 1 168 50 3 0.34 7
Greens 2 226 58 6 0.46 12
Tomato5/27/2018 2 226 48Presentation is copyright
2 of ISH, India0.74 10
Total: 20 2032 668 34.15 3.59 170.52
Commercial Hydroponics- Some Yields
Tons/Acre/Year/Season
• Lettuce 300-400 Tons

• Strawberries 50 Tons
• Cucumber 200 Tons
• Tomato 180-200 Tons
• Bell Pepper 120-140 Tons
*Note: Figures are conservative.
• You see and ask “Why”

• I believe and say “Why Not?”

Hydroponic/Soil-less Greenhouses
Plant grown in a Hydroponics Greenhouse…
 Can be protected from increasing and damaging UV radiation.
 Offers the possibility of safe biological control of insect pests and

diseases.
 Uses Water that is reclaimed and reused.
 Allows nutrients to be reclaimed, re-balanced and re-used.
 Can be protected from unpredictable weather patterns.
 Have a good root system that is not at risk from contaminants and
diseases.
 Make efficient use of labour, which is increasingly expensive.
 Can be grown to take full advantage of their genetic potential
 Produce outstanding crops by using optimum nutrient
formulations.
 Off season production possible
5/27/2018
when market prices are highest.
Presentation is copyright of ISH, India
Summary of the Benefits
 Reduced water consumption

 Improved Produce Quality
 Increased Yields and Growth Rates
 Longer Shelf Life
 Less labour inputs .
 Higher Value Crops
 Extended Growing Season
 Happier Workers
 Lower Labour Costs
 Pests and Diseases
 No Soil – No Problem
 Environment Control
 Market Control
Possible Beneficiaries from Commercial Hydroponics
• Retail Chains
• Private Investors
• Public Sector Companies
• Hotel Chains
• Fast Food Chains
• Processed Food Industry as Backward Integration
• Railway Catering companies
• Corporate Hospitals
• FFV Exporters
• Large land owners
• NGO’s
• Foreign Retail Companies (Outsourcing)
• Defence establishments
• Public-Private Partnerships.
* FFV-Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

Commercial Hydroponic Horticulture
World Hydroponics –Acreage under cultivation

• There has been massive growth in hydroponic cultivation in a number of forward
thinking countries.
• For instance, in Australia, the area under hydroponic crop production went from
155 to 2500 hectares from 1990 to 2008.
• This is just the beginning.
• The world commercial hydroponics industry has grown 4 to 5 fold in the last 10
years and is currently estimated at between 20,000 and 25,000 hectares with a
farm gate value of US$6 to 8 Billion.
The new belief
• The future lies in locally grown and sold produce limiting the ‘road miles’.
• This method of growing our food is a more sustainable model than those currently
practised.
• The consumer is becoming increasingly concerned over health issues,
environmental issues, even water consumption cost and availability……… these all
are drivers for the further development of hydroponic growing techniques.
Hydroponics-Commercial Viability-Executive Summary
• Commercial Hydroponics Covers nearly 50000 Ha

globally.
• Main countries are Holland, Spain, Australia, USA,
Canada, NZ, Italy, Canada, Mexico, China.
• Main crops are Cucumbers, Tomato, Lettuce,
Strawberry, Herbs, Capsicums, cut flowers etc but not
limited to these alone.
• Follows IPM.
• Follows recycling methods.
• Has market focus.
• Is an industry model.
• Most producers are in cluster production and have co-
operatives for selling produce.
Government support
Has government support in many developed

countries. India is yet to wake up to this
reality. Even neighbor Pakistan has adopted
Hydroponics cultivation with major
government support.

Viable production Units
As a thumb rule- in
the order of one
acre or more.
General costs of setting up Hydroponic
Greenhouses
• Between 150-200 USD per Sq.m in

developed countries.
• In India available at 45-55 USD
per Sq.m
Skill Required to Handle Hydroponic
Systems
Same or a little more than soil systems

Commercial success is linked to…
• Establishment of venture in realistic economic

framework.
• Attention to market requirements before start
up.
• Realistic expectation of prices, yields, labor
requirements.
• Experience in prior horticultural pursuits.

Is it a magical production system?
• No. Not Plug and Play.

• Needs diligence and devotion.
• Is not forgiving.
• Needs skill but achievable.
• Over confidence can kill crops.
Basics needed to start a Hydroponics Industry in India.
• Capital costs.
• Trained Manpower.
• Education required.
• Attention to shifting market demands.
• Attention to crop growing or cultural practices.
• Knowledge of IPM.
• Knowledge of Environment Controls in GH.
• Knowledge of Climate Controls.
• Knowledge of Bio-friendly insects.
Is the Hydroponics Industry Expanding?
Yes

Do we need leadership?
Yes, we need to convene an association in
India for Commercial Hydroponic Growers
even before we start the first commercial
system in our country.
We have a student of Simplified Hydroponics

already having an association called Indian
Hydroponics Pioneers Association.

Do we need to formulate Industry
standards?
Yes, we need to use foreign Hydroponic experts to start with. This is

an absolute must as there are no resource people in India at this
time. Industry standards will be established as time goes by and more
Indians adopt this kind of cultivation.

How is Hydroponic Produce marketed
normally?
It is marketed more on the quality and

consistency, rather than the method of
production.

Hydroponics- A Commercial Production
System
Hydroponics as an agricultural production

system includes those activities, which have
the potential to displace conventional soil
based horticultural production.

History of Hydroponic Commercial Use
• Has been used in a commercial sense by the

US military since the 1940’s and by the NASA
since the 1960’s.
• 1980’s and 90’s saw greatest commercial
growth of hydroponics.
• Now robotics is also employed for planting,
harvesting and packaging of produce.
Types of Growing Systems
• Indoor
• Outdoor
Depends upon the environment.

Types of disposal of nutrient waste
• Run to waste (OPEN)
• Recycled.(RECIRCULATING)

Media Types
• Water Based for short term crops like lettuce, leafy

vegetables, herbs.
• Media Based like Perlite, vermiculite, peat moss,

coir peat, gravel, sawdust etc for long term
vegetable and flower crops.

Types of Systems
• Nutrient Film Technique (NFT)

• Ebb and Flow
• Flood and Drain
• Media Based such as grow bags using
drip method.

Global Hydroponic Industry
• Countries practicing are Netherlands, Spain, Canada,

USA, Mexico, France, Japan, Australia, NZ, Israel, UK, S.
Africa, Italy, Finland, Korea, China, Greece, Brazil,
Taiwan, Singapore, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar.
• Pakistan has joined the bandwagon recently.
• India also, but only some 30 ha in floriculture.
• More than 120000 ha under GH Hydroponic production
around the world. Total value of produce is 10 Billion
USD.

International trends in the Industry
• Internationalization of supply of FFV.

• Producers must join this system for survival.
• Forward linkages with Intl food companies.
• Producers working in clusters. (Info sharing and marketing
cost sharing)
• International rationalization of production and standards.

Opportunity India
• Production and labor costs in developed countries increasing
thereby need to import high quality cheaper produce is
increasing.
• India has rich climatic conditions positioning us favorably to
market such produce.
• Labor costs in India as well as inputs makes India an ideal
destination for food outsourcing. After IT it’s AT!!!
• Indian producers can address both domestic as well as
International markets such as ME/EU/USA/Far East.
• Has intelligent manpower. Can learn fast the operating
protocols.
• A country that can produce super-computers, satellites can
definitely adopt Hydroponics easily in the author’s view.
Marketing Channels for Hydroponic Produce
• Wholesale Channels
• Retail Channels
• Major buyers will be supermarket chains/Export
markets.
• Many producers have formed cooperatives to help
sell their produce.
• Producers specialize in one or two types of produce
mainly and have full control over their produce.

Marketing of Produce as Hydroponic
• Mostly sold as Hydroponic produce at retail level.

• At wholesale level sold on basis of quality,
consistency and labeled as “Vine-ripened” or
“Living Lettuce” etc.
• Hydroponic Produce must emphasize on “Clean and
Green”.

Price Premium on Hydroponic Produce
• Should not compete with soil grown produce.

• Usually gets a better price based on looks, texture,
taste, consistency on daily basis, high nutrition
value, reliable supply year round etc.
• Extent to which premiums are realized are based on
seasonal volumes, marketing, presentation
(Branding), product quality.

Export Sales
• Sales opportunities abound from Indian producers

due to better production costing achievable.
• Markets are in USA, EU, Far and Middle East.
• India has excellent connectivity to above by land,
sea and air.
• Freight costs from India are high at this time and
with better governmental support can be alleviated.

Seasonality of production
Hydroponic Greenhouses are capable of producing

year round which includes off season vegetables
and herbs due to controlled conditions.

Impact on Environment & Human Health
• Newer Hydroponic systems are moving from run-to-waste to

nutrient recycling systems which is good for the environment.
• Newer Greenhouses have the ability to blend aesthetically

with the surrounds thus reducing “Visual-Pollution”.
• Residue testing is being done by most growers to ensure that

there are no excess residues of nutrients at time of harvest.

SWOT ANALYSIS- Commercial Hydroponics
Strengths
• Makes any land with good water source useful for production.
• Nutrient and pH controls very accurate and effective.
• High Yields from lesser spaces.
• Facilitates the easy adoption of IPM.
Climate certainty.
• Root zone temperature is maintained.
• Effective drainage and availability of root level Oxygen.
• Production possible in difficult environments.
• Some crops need closed environments. Cross Pollination
avoided.
• Needs less land to grow more. Conserves water by lower
usage..
• Contd…….
Strengths…..
• Produce can get premium prices.
• Produce appeals to discerning customers.
• Can target niche markets.
• Can be set up in urban areas without disturbing the ecology.
• Less labor means lesser costs.
• As hydroponic growers increase, dedicated supply chains will be
established.
• There is a market potential for hydroponic produce.
• Growers can specialize in just one product.
• Hydroponics help is now available in India.
• Dedicated Hydroponic Food Parks are a near term reality.
• Research centers in Hydroponics can help create and disseminate
protocols and cultural practices for vegetables, herbs, flowers and
aromatic and medicinal plants.
Weaknesses
• No industry association or bodies in hydroponics yet, save the ISH,
in Bangalore.
• Higher Capex.
• Needs highly effective marketing.
• Growers must specialize and carve a niche for themselves.
• Branding is a must for success.
• The technology is quite new to India, but help is available.
• Needs more diligence and devotion.
• Manpower at the moment is virtually available, save for a few who
have learnt and practice Simplified Hydroponics.
• Cannot compete with soil grown produce and not comparable
“apple to apple”.
• No universities teach Hydroponics in India. No dedicated research
yet.

Opportunities
• To promote hydroponic produce, where appropriate, as low or no

chemical use and sustainable.
• Chance to develop and certify hydroponics as organic.
• Hydroponic growers can form cooperatives to achieve better
returns.
• Ability to brand, package and sell produce as clean, healthy and
unique.
• Phasing out the use of Methyl Bromide will call for technologies
that use low chemical, low water use systems like Hydroponics.
• Opportunity abounds in creation of more growth products such as
special gingers, saffron, turmeric etc which are cash crops.

Threats
• Hydroponic produce must not compete on price, but on

quality.
• Certain soil grown produce are being marketed vigorously and
may be a threat to hydroponic produce. Like Calyx-On Tomato
for example.
• Imports from even cheaper countries of hydroponic produce
could be a threat, but none seen as such in near future.
• Some consumers have this perception that Hydroponics is
unnatural.
• Growers must organize themselves with unity and make
lasting supply arrangements to be in profitable markets.

How to get the best from Hydroponics
• Growth is being driven by demand for safe, hygienic foods.
• Form Selling and Marketing Co-ops to achieve market critical
mass.
• Induction of Corporate interest in production and marketing.
• Multi-site operations, with full time employees, close to the
markets.
• Study tours of countries heavily in the field of Hydroponics.
• Adopt best practice, use of IPM, use of re-circulating systems.
• Product value addition by way of smart packaging and first
stage transformation.
• Larger Hydroponic units must be adopted in order to supply
consistently produce the whole time. Big supermarket chains,
star hotels, corporate hospitals need this assurance, which
when given assures a steady market.
Hydroponics in India-Present Status
• To the best of our knowledge….
• Hydroponics is being practiced by some floriculturists in

Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka states presently.
• The other Hydroponics being practiced is Simplified

Hydroponics learnt by individuals, corporates, NGO’s
etc from the Institute of Simplified Hydroponics,
Bangalore. References are available on request. There
are other individual hobbyists too.
Requirements for a commercial hydroponics system
• Capital: Hydroponic systems are high in Capex.
• Location and Siting is very important.
• Climatic conditions in area.
• Water must be of good quality in chosen area. Must be tested prior
before buying land and must be the perennial source. Chemical
quality is vital.
• Choice of right crop and a potential market.
• Proximity to markets.
• Logistics involved.
• Good Agronomists selected prior with ground level experience. No
theory masters.
• Topography of the land/ slope characteristics.
• Wind direction and speed, temperature range, frost frequency,
rainfall, humidity are all important considerations.
3 types of successful commercial
Hydroponic operations
• Type 1
Boutique style growers with a niche market close by.
Produces special produce. Eg. Culinary/Medicinal Herbs
• Type 2
Family farms that are part of a larger cooperative.
Product sold by cooperative and achieves greater economies
of scale.
• Type 3
Corporate farms with investors who are not in day to day
operations but left to a central management. Has a
production sufficiently to capitalise on economies of scale.
Risks & Reasons for Failure
• Venture not established in a realistic economic framework like
manageable loan repayments, cash flow etc.
• Selection of system/crop/markets/correct management not done.
• Crop production management inadequate.
• Yield and quality did not meet budget projections.
• Lack of diligence on part of the crew.
• Non adherence to growing protocols.
• Insufficient attention to marketing.
• Lack of necessary labour.
• Incorrect pricing of produce.
• Product not tailored as per demand.
Profitability is Linked to……..
Industry profitability is directly linked to…
• Production scale, increasing returns to increasing

size. Ability to supply promised amount with quality
and consistency.
• Capacity to Value add and/or..
• Find and exploit a unique and high return/value

market niche.
Features of a Commercially Successful Producer
• Ability to learn and rapidly expand operations after learning curve is completed and
markets established.
• Willingness to seek and share information on production and markets to
compliment each other’s strengths.
• Working in cooperation with other growers and institutions like ISH, India.
• Effective utilization of government grants and subsidies.
• Take part in field trips to explore export markets.
• Must try to attain the highest possible world standards like USDA/EUREPGAP etc.
• A scale of production that permits cost efficiencies and must be of interest to major
corporates.
• Ability to supply year round.
• Ability to pack and sell hygienic produce and value add.
• Maximum use of IPM.
• Constant R&D is a must to improve systems and processes and least wastages.
• Competitive pricing.
• Success must be focussed up on market needs rather than just technological
innovation.
Commercial Hydroponics

Simplified Hydroponics

Word of Caution
• This presentation is only intended as a broad

indicator of industry profitability and to provide a
check list to potential investors.
• It is not intended as an endorsement of any
particular system or enterprise.
• Every investor is advised to do his own study before
investing.
Conclusion
• The Commercial Hydroponics industry is a
successful industry and is rapidly expanding.
• The market is larger than opined as produce is sold
on quality rather than production method.
• Hydroponics cannot displace bulk commodity items.
• The industry is expected to grow exponentially as
conditions of soil growing is becoming difficult.
• Government intervention and university interest
can propel the use of this technology.
Our Iceberg is melting, Let’s do
something…QUICKLY..
Hydroponics Seminar in Gujarat
• ISH India will hold a Seminar on 28th Mar 2010.

• Venue: Country Inns and Suites Hotel, near SAL
Hospital.
• Sessions: Three
• Sessions timings: 9-11 am, 12-2 pm, 3-5 pm
• You can register at this seminar itself.
• Entry Fees : Rupees Fifty (50/-) only.
• Contact Person: Ms Sangeeta Mob 0-94806-14645
Dhanyavaad and Jai Hind

Commercial Hydroponics Is It Viable

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Commercial Hydroponics- Is It Viable?

Presented by Lt Cdr (retd) CV Prakash, IN

Food and Water Security Seminar, Ahmedabad

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

•To be "food secure" means…

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

• To bring to each one present here an awareness of

TO ESTABLISH THE VIABILITY OF HYDROPONICS IN

• A leap of faith is needed by one and all to try new

• ISH India presents …………………………………………………

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

• Is the practice of growing plants without soil.

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

• Hydroponic nutrient solutions can be tailored to the plant’s requirements,

• Hydroponic produce has all the macro-micronutrients that are needed by

• Uneven nutrition is ensured by virtue of leaching and sloping of land

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

Water Security and Savings

• Irrigation water in field grown operations cannot be effectively

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

• Fungal disease can be significantly reduced through controlled humidity.

• Hydroponics eliminates the possibilities of root diseases by allowing sufficient

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

• All labour inputs associated with soil management, such as digging

• Substrates being sterile and inert, do not influence or allow weeds to

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

• Commercial Hydroponic Greenhouse systems are capital expensive in the

• Lettuce 300-400 Tons

*Note: Figures are conservative.

• You see and ask “Why”

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

 Can be protected from increasing and damaging UV radiation.

 Offers the possibility of safe biological control of insect pests and

 Reduced water consumption

* FFV-Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

World Hydroponics –Acreage under cultivation

• Commercial Hydroponics Covers nearly 50000 Ha

Has government support in many developed

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

• Between 150-200 USD per Sq.m in

Same or a little more than soil systems

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

• Establishment of venture in realistic economic

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

• No. Not Plug and Play.

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

We have a student of Simplified Hydroponics

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

Yes, we need to use foreign Hydroponic experts to start with. This is

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

It is marketed more on the quality and

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

Hydroponics as an agricultural production

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

• Has been used in a commercial sense by the

Depends upon the environment.

• Run to waste (OPEN)

5/27/2018 Presentation is copyright of ISH, India

• Water Based for short term crops like lettuce, leafy

• Media Based like Perlite, vermiculite, peat moss,