REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION

USING STATCOM

BY
SUMIT KUMAR SINGH
MTECH 1ST YEAR
17PEE020
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CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION
2. STATCOM
3. BASIC OPERATION OF STATCOM
4. BASIC CONTROL APPROACHES
5. SVC VS STATCOM
6. REFRENCE
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INTRODUCTION
Today there is a great need of improving power utilization and maintaining power
system security and reliability in highly complex and inter connected power system. Due
to under loading and overloading of lines power flow in the system is affected. As a
result of this there arises a problem of deteriorating voltage profile and power system
stability. So finally power quality, which is one of the most important factors nowadays,
is affected

Now on the contrary with the rapid development in power electronics devices and
other solid state technology, a series of custom power devices popularly known as
FACTS controllers, which provides a promising pattern of future power system. FACTS
are defined by the IEEE as "a power electronic based system and other static equipment
that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance
controllability and increase power transfer capability" [1]
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One of the most common power quality problems is voltage dips (a short time
reduction in RMS voltage magnitude). A voltage dip is caused by the fault in the
utility system or a large increase of the load current. Such typical faults may be
single-phase or multi-phase short circuits which results in high currents. There are
different ways to mitigate this problem. Among them STATCOM is the most
effective device which is based on Voltage source Converter (VSC) principle.
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STATCOM

Earlier Static var generators used to generate or absorb controllable reactive

power (var) by synchronously switching capacitor and reactor banks "in" and
"out" of the network. The possibility of generating controllable reactive power
directly, without the use of ac capacitors or reactors, by various switching power
converters was disclosed by Gyugyi in 1976. These (dc to ac or ac to ac) converters
are operated as voltage and current sources and they produce reactive power
essentially without reactive energy storage components by circulating alternating
current among the phases of the ac system.[2]
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Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is one of the most recent FACTS

devices for power transmission shunt compensation. It is shunt connected
device which was developed as a static VAR compensator where a Voltage
Source Converter (VSC) is used instead of controllable reactors. By controlling
the magnitude and the phase angle of the output voltage of the VSC, both active
and reactive power can be exchanged between the distribution system and the
STATCOM. Being a shunt connected device, the STATCOM mainly injects reactive
power to the system [3]
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OPERATION OF STATCOM

Operation of STATCOM is similar to that of an ideal synchronous machine

whose reactive power output is varied by excitation control. Like the
mechanically powered machine, they can also exchange real power with
the ac system if supplied from an appropriate, usually dc energy source.
Because of these similarities with a rotating synchronous generator, they
are termed Static Synchronous Generators (ssgs). when an SSG is operated
without an energy source, and with appropriate controls to function as a
shunt-connected reactive compensator, it is termed, analogously to the
rotating synchronous compensator (condenser)
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Reactive power generation by SYNCHRONOUS

CONDENSER and STATCOM [4]
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The basic principle of reactive power generation by a voltage-sourced converter is

akin to that of the conventional rotating synchronous machine.
Single line diagram of the basic voltage sourced converter scheme for reactive
power generation is shown in Figure. For reactive power flow bus voltage V and
converter terminal voltage Vo, are in phase

I = (V - VO)/X

The corresponding reactive power Q exchanged can be expressed as follows:

Q = VI = (V - VO)V
X
Hence by controlling the output of VSC relative to the amplitude V of the system
voltage, the reactive power flow can be controlled[4]
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In STATCOM from a dc input voltage source, provided by the charged capacitor Cs, the
converter produces a set of controllable three-phase output voltages with the
frequency of the ac power system. Each output voltage is in phase with, and coupled
to the corresponding ac system voltage via a relatively small (0.1-0.15 p.u.) tie
reactance. By varying the amplitude of the output voltages produced, the reactive
power exchange between the converter and the ac system can be controlled in a
manner similar to that of the rotating synchronous machine. That is, if the amplitude
of the output voltage is increased above that of the ac system voltage, then the
current flows through the tie reactance from the converter to the ac system, and the
converter generates reactive (capacitive) power for the ac system. If the amplitude of
the output voltage is decreased below that of the ac system, then the reactive current
flows from the ac system to the converter, and the converter absorbs reactive
(inductive) power. If the amplitude of the output voltage is equal to that of the ac
system voltage, the reactive power exchange is zero
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Since the converter supplies only reactive output power so its output voltages are
controlled to be in phase with the ac system voltages, the real input power provided
by the dc source (charged capacitor) must be zero (as the total instantaneous power
on the ac side is also zero). Furthermore, since reactive power at zero frequency (at
the dc capacitor) by definition is zero, the dc capacitor plays no part in the reactive
power generation. In other words, the converter simply interconnects the three ac
terminals in such a way that the reactive output currents can flow freely between
them. Viewing this from the terminals of the ac system, one could say that the
converter establishes a circulating current flow among the phases with zero net
instantaneous power exchange
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Basic Control Approaches
A static (var) generator converter comprises a large number of gate-controlled
semiconductor power switches . The gating commands for these devices are generated
by the internal converter control in response to the demand for reactive and/or real
power reference signal(s). The reference signals are provided by the external or system
control, from operator instructions and system variables, which determine the
functional operation of the STATCOM.

The internal control is an integral part of the converter. Its main function is to operate
the converter power switches so as to generate a fundamental output voltage
waveform with the demanded magnitude and phase angle in synchronism with the ac
system' In this way the power converter with the internal control can be viewed as a
sinusoidal, synchronous voltage source behind a tie reactor (provided by the leakage
inductance of the coupling transformer), the amplitude and phase angle of which are
controlled by the external (STATCOM system) control via appropriate reference
signal(s).
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STATCOM VS SVC

VI CHARACTERISTICS OF SVC AND STATCOM

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A static VAR compensator can also be used for voltage stability. However, a
STATCOM has better characteristics than an SVC. When the system voltage drops
sufficiently to force the STATCOM output current to its ceiling, its maximum
reactive output current will not be affected by the voltage magnitude. Therefore,
it exhibits constant current characteristics when the voltage is low under the limit.
In contrast the SVC's reactive output is proportional to the square of the voltage
magnitude. This makes the provided reactive power decrease rapidly when
voltage decreases, thus reducing its stability. In addition, the speed of response of
a STATCOM is faster than that of an SVC and the harmonic emission is lower,
however STATCOMs typically exhibit higher losses and may be more expensive
than SVCs, so the (older) SVC technology is still widespread.
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REFERENCE

[1] A.A. Edris, Chair, “Proposed Terms and Definitions for

Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS)", IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 4, October 1997
[2] Narain G. Hingorani, “Understanding FACTS", IEEE Press
[3] Cai Rong, “Analysis of STATCOM for Voltage Dip Mitigation”,
Thesis for the degree of Master of Science, December 2004.
[4] D P Kothari I J Nagrath, “Modern power system analysis”
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