(a) *identify and describe protons, neutrons and electrons in terms of their relative charges and

relative masses

(b) *deduce the behaviour of beams of protons, neutrons and electrons in electric fields
A beam of particles contains neutrons, n, protons, p, and electrons, e.
The beam is passed between charged plates.

The beam of particles containing neutrons, n goes straight as it is chargeless and is not
deflected by electric fields.
The beam of particles containing . protons, p goes towards negative plate as it is positively
charged particles and is attracted by negative plates ( fields )
The beam of particles containing . electrons, e goes towards positive plate as it is
negatively charged particles and is attracted by positive plates ( fields ) . It is much greater
deflected by the electric fields as an electron is much lighter ( 1/1850 times ) than a proton.
 (c) describe the distribution of mass and charges within an atom

(d) deduce the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons present in both atoms and ions
given proton and nucleon numbers (and charge)
The atomic number (Z) is also known as the proton number. the mass number (A) is also known as the nucleon number. The neutron number (N) = mass
number (A) - atomic number (Z). Protons and neutrons are the 'nucleons' present in the nucleus

  or 24Na, sodium with mass numbers 24, have 11 protons with 13 neutrons and 11 electrons.
If you know the atomic (proton) number, you know it equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom, you then apply the rules to work out the
electron arrangement (configuration).

sodium-24 isotope ion, 11 protons, 13 neutrons, 10 electrons (one electron lost to form a positive ion)
isotope sulfur-32 in the form of the sulfide ion, 16 protons, 16 neutrons, 18 electrons (two electrons gained to form the double charged negative ion)
(e) (i) describe the contribution of protons and neutrons to atomic nuclei in terms of

proton number and nucleon number

– The atomic number (Z) is also known as the proton number. the mass number (A) is also known as the
nucleon number. The neutron number (N) = mass number (A) - atomic number (Z). Protons and
neutrons are the 'nucleons' present in the nucleus and the negative electrons are held by the positive
nucleus in 'orbits' called energy levels or shells.
 (ii) distinguish between isotopes on the basis of different numbers of neutrons present

• Isotopes are atoms of the same element with same no of protons but different numbers of neutrons and
therefore different masses (different nucleon/mass numbers).

are the three isotopes of hydrogen with mass numbers of 1, 2

and 3, with 0, 1 and 2 neutrons respectively. All have 1 proton,
since all are hydrogen

and or 23Na and 24Na, are the two isotopes of sodium with
mass numbers of 23 and 24, with 12 and 13 neutrons
respectively but both have 11 protons.
 (f) *describe the number and relative energies of the s, p and d orbitals for the principal
quantum numbers 1, 2 and 3 and also the 4s and 4p orbitals.

– Each atomic orbital can hold a maximum of two

electrons.
– For each principal quantum level n, the following
rules apply ...
– for n = 1, there is just one sub-shell: 1s, maximum of 2
electrons,
– for n = 2 there are two sub-shells: 1 x 2s atomic orbital
and 3 x 2p orbitals, maximum of 2 + 6 = 8 electrons,
– for n = 3 there are three sub-shells: 1 x 3s,3 x 3p
orbitals and 5 x 3d orbitals, maximum of 2 + 6 + 10 =
18 electrons,
– for n = 4 there are four sub-shells: 1 x 4s,3 x 4p
orbitals, 5 x 4d orbitals and 7 x 4f orbitals, maximum
of 2 + 6 + 10 + 14 = 32 electrons.
• The orbital electrons are denoted in the form of
e.g. 2p3
– means there are three electrons (super-script number
3)
– in the p sub-shell (the lower case letter)
• and in the second principal quantum level/shell
(prefix number 2).
 (g) *describe the shapes of s and p orbitals

s orbitals have a spherical shell shape and the faint

dark blue circle represents in cross-section, the
region of maximum electron density.
• Only one s orbital exists for each principal
quantum number denoted by 1s, 2s, 3s etc.
–*

– p orbitals
• p orbitals are pairs of 'dumb-bells' aligned along
the x, y and z axis at 90o to each other.
 (h) state the electronic configuration of atoms and ions given the proton number (and
charge)

• 8 Oxygen, O1s22s22p4 (2.6)[He]2s2pO, p-block, Gp6/16,12 Magnesium,

Mg1s22s22p63s2 (2.8.2)[Ne]3s3pMg, s-block, Gp2 Alkaline Earth
Metal,20 Calcium, Ca1s22s22p63s23p64s2 (2.8.8.1)[Ar]3d4s4pCa, s-
block, Gp2 Alkaline Earth Metal,21 Scandium,
Sc1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2[Ar]3d4s4pSc, 3d block, not true Transition
Metal22 Titanium, Ti1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2[Ar]3d4s4pTi, 3d block, a
true Transition Metal23 Vanadium,
V1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2[Ar]3d4s4pV, 3d block, a true Transition
Metal24 Chromium, Cr1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1[Ar]3d4s4pCr, 3d block,
a true Transition Metal25 Manganese,
Mn1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2[Ar]3d4s4pMn, 3d block, a true Transition
Metal26 Iron, Fe1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2[Ar]3d4s4pFe, 3d block, a true
Transition Metal27 Cobalt, Co1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2[Ar]3d4s4pCo,
3d block, a true Transition Metal28 Nickel,
Ni1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2[Ar]3d4s4pNi, 3d block, a true Transition
Metal29 Copper, Cu1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1[Ar]3d4s4pCu, 3d block, a
true Transition Metal30 Zinc,
Zn1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2[Ar]3d4s4pZn, 3d block, not true Transition
Metal 33 Arsenic, As[Ar]3d104s24p3[Ar]3d4s4pAs, p-block, Gp5/15,