 Combustion requires air, fuel, and heat;

certain ratios of all three are necessary if

an engine is to operate.

 The intake and exhaust systems have

very important role in the breathing
ability of the internal combustion engine.
 Air intake system is built and tuned for
an automobile to experience maximum
power and efficiency. Most of them are
bolt up installations, making them an
excellent add-on for easy power gains. A
good air intake system allow continuous
and clean air into the engine, thereby to
achieve better mileage and optimum
performance for your vehicle.
 An air intake system is located behind
the front grille, drawing air through a
tube that goes in to the filter housing,
which will be mixed with the vehicle's
fuel and sent to the engine's cylinder. A
modern automobile/ vehicle's air intake
system has three main parts
 It forms an important part of a
vehicle's intake system through which
the engine breathes. Any engine
requires a mixture of air and fuel in order
to run, and all the air first enters the
system through the air filter. Air filter is
located in a compartment of an air duct
under the hood of the car.
 This part of the air intake system is used
to measure the mass of air that enters
the fuel-injected internal combustion
engine. Two common types of airflow
sensors are in use for automobile
engines:
• The hot wire
• The vane meter
 It controls the amount of air entering
the engine's combustion chamber. It is
located near the mass flow sensor and in
between the intake manifold and air
filter box
 In automotive engineering, an inlet
manifold or intake manifold is the part of
an engine that supplies the fuel/airmixture to
the cylinders.
 The primary function of the intake manifold is
to evenly distribute the combustion mixture (or
just air in a direct injection engine) to each
intake port in the cylinder head(s). Even
distribution is important to optimize the
efficiency and performance of the engine. It
may also serve as a mount for the carburetor,
throttle body, fuel injectors and other
components of the engine.
 In a carburetor equipped engine, the
air comes in to air filter space.

The main job of the air filter is to filter

out dirt particles and other foreign
matter present in the air, thus preventing
them to enter and cause damage to the
system.
 Air passing through the air filter
reaches the carburetor and is blended
with the fuel. Through the intake
manifolds, the mixture of air and fuel is
drawn into the cylinders
 The mass airflow sensor/ air temperature
sensor prevents the icing of the carburetor,
where in its absence may lead to vehicle's
stall. It also promotes vaporization of the
fuel into the air stream. Also, it is used to
measure the temperature of the air and
allows cool air in, which occurs through
closing and opening of the flap. Here the
working of both types of airflow sensors
have been mentioned for your
understanding.
 In the hot wire type, a series of wires are embed in
the air stream.

Due to the rise in temperature, the electrical

resistance increases thus limiting the current flow
through the circuit.

When air flows past the wire, it cools down,

allowing more current to flow through the circuit, thus
decreasing its resistance.

The voltage signal developed goes to the main

system where the fuel mixture is allowed to adjust. In
the vane type, a flap is forced back by the incoming
air. The more air coming in, the more the flap is
pushed back.
 A potentiometer attached to the flap
sends a voltage signal to the power-train
control module. Also, a second vane
present behind the first vane suppresses its
movement thus giving more accurate
measurement. The air from the mass flow
sensor is directed to the throttle body for
further process. Throttle body contains a
bored housing that consists of throttle plate
rotating on a shaft. The air that flows in to
the engine is controlled by the throttle
chamber. When the accelerator is
released, the throttle plate closes and clogs
air flow into the combustion chamber and
when it is depressed it opens and allows air
in to the engine.
 This process performed by the throttle
body effectively controls the rate of
combustion and speeds up the vehicle.
So, this is how the air enters the engine
and the air intake system work. Having
knowledge on this will lessen the
ignorance when it comes to intake
matters.
 Exhaust gas or flue gases is emitted as a
result of the combustion of fuels such as
petrol, diesel or fuel oil.

 A car's exhaust system is responsible for

transporting the burned exhaust, or
combustion gases, from its engine and
out through the tail pipe.
 To channel out the waste products of
combustion out of the engine
 To reduce the noise generated by the
engine
 To clean up the emissions that are harm-
ful to the environment.
 To reduce the pollution and to increase
the efficiency of the engine
 An exhaust system is usually tubing used
to guide reaction exhaust gases away
from a controlled combustion inside an
engine . The entire system conveys burnt
gases from the engine and includes one
or more exhaust pipes, depending on
the overall system design.
The exhaust system may essentially consist
of the following components:
 Exhaust Manifold
 Exhaust Pipes
 Catalytic Converter
 Muffler
 The Tail Pipe
 An Exhaust Manifold is the upper end
of the exhaust system.

 It is attached directly to the side of the

engine and is the first part of the exhaust
system to receive the burned exhaust
gases from the car's engine.
 The exhaust manifold burns any fuel that
was inadequately burned by the engine
and funnels it down into the main
exhaust system.

 Due to high temperatures, Excellent

oxidation resistance, High-temperature
strength, Thermal fatigue properties are
required.
 The exhaust pipes are responsible for
transporting the burned exhaust gases
from the engine and the exhaust
manifold and funneling them towards
the car's tailpipe.
 It can be metal or aluminum.
 The pipes are used to create an
effectively sealed pathway.
A catalytic converter is a device that uses
a catalyst to convert three harmful
compounds in car exhaust into harmless
compounds.
 Hydrocarbons - in the form of unburned
gasoline.

 Carbon monoxide -formed by the

combustion of gasoline.

 Nitrogen oxides - created when the heat

in the engine forces nitrogen in the air to
combine with oxygen
 A muffler or silencer
is a device for reducing the amount of
noise emitted by the exhaust of an inter-
nal combustion engine.
 The main muffler absorbs
the noise of the exhaust gas and is com
posed of an outer shell, inner plates,
inner pipes, end plates and other
components.
 It contains a deceptively simple set of
tubes that are finely tuned to reflect the
sound waves produced by an engine so
that they cancel each other out.
 The tail pipe is the end of the final
length of exhaust pipe which ends woth
a straight or angled cut where it vents to
open air.