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d dx d x
2
v dv
a lim 2
t 0 t dt dt dt dt
Acceleration
• Conventionally ti 0 t f t
• Then
v v f vi v f vi
a aavg
t t f ti t 0
v f vi at
Case of constant acceleration
• Conventionally ti 0 t f t
• Then
x x f xi x f xi
vavg x f xi vavg t
t t f ti t 0
v1 v2 vi v f vi (vi at ) at
vavg vi
2 2 2 2
2
at
x f xi vi t
2
Case of constant acceleration
2
at
x f xi vi t
2
dx
v
dt
v f vi at
dv
a
dt
Case of constant acceleration
Case of constant acceleration
v f vi at x f xi
at 2
x f xi vi t vf
2
v f vi 2a( x f xi )
2 2
t
(vi v f )t
x f xi a
2
at 2
x f xi v f t vi
2
Chapter 2
Problem 28
A particle moves along the x axis. Its position is given by the equation x = 2 + 3t
- 4t2, with x in meters and t in seconds. Determine (a) its position when it
changes direction and (b) its velocity when it returns to the position it had at t =
0.
Case of free-fall acceleration
v f vi gt
2
gt
y f yi vi t
2
Chapter 2
Problem 38
A ball is thrown directly downward, with an initial speed of 8.00 m/s, from a
height of 30.0 m. After what time interval does the ball strike the ground?
Alternative derivation
dv dx
a
dt dv a dt v
dt dx vdt
we obtain
2
at
x f xi vi t
2
Graphical representation
Graphical representation
Graphical representation
Graphical representation
Graphical representation
Graphical representation
Graphical representation
Graphical representation
Graphical representation
Graphical integration
dx
v
tf
v lim xn tn v x (t )dt
dt t tn 0 ti
n
f
x f xi v(t ) dt
ti
Graphical integration
dx
v
dt t
f
x f xi v(t ) dt
ti
dv
a
dt
tf
v f vi a (t ) dt
ti
Answers to the even-numbered problems
Chapter 2
Problem 4:
Chapter 2
Problem 6:
(a) 27.0 m
(b) 27.0 m + (18.0 m/s)∆t + (3.00 m/s2)(∆t)2
(c) 18.0 m/s
Answers to the even-numbered problems
Chapter 2
Problem 12:
Chapter 2
Problem 20:
Chapter 2
Problem 38:
1.79 s
Answers to the even-numbered problems
Chapter 2
Problem 48: