Chi-Square Test For Independence

Scatter Graphs
Scatter graphs are used to show whether there is a relationship

between two sets of data. The relationship between the data can be
described as either:
1. A positive correlation. As one quantity increases so does the other.
2. A negative correlation. As one quantity increases the other decreases.
3. No correlation. Both quantities vary with no clear relationship.

Soup Sales
Shoe Size
Height
Shoe Size Temperature Annual Income

Positive Correlation Negative correlation No correlation
Scatter Graphs
Scatter graphs are used to show whether there is a relationship
between two sets of data. The relationship between the data can be
described as either:
1. A positive correlation. As one quantity increases so does the other.
2. A negative correlation. As one quantity increases the other decreases.
3. No correlation. Both quantities vary with no clear relationship.
A negative
positive correlation
correlation is
is characterised
characterised by
by aa straight
straight line
line with
with aa positive
negativegradient.
gradient.
Soup Sales
Shoe Size
Height
Shoe Size Temperature Annual Income

State the type of correlation for the scatter graphs below
and write a sentence describing the relationship in each case.
Physics test scores
1 Positive 2 Negative 3 None
Petrol consumption
(mpg)
Height
Maths test scores Car engine size (cc) KS 3 Results
There
As theis
People with
no relationship
tend higher
engine
outside
tosize
buy maths between
scores
air temperature
of
less
more
cars
ice
sun tend
KS
increase,
cream
cream 3to
results
increases,
inwhen get
rainier
they the
use higher
and the
heating
weather.
weather
more physics
isheight
bills
petrol.
will scores.
of
sunnier.
(Less
be students.
lower.
mpg)
Sales of Ice Cream

4 6
Sales of Sun cream
Negative 5 Positive Negative

Heating bill (£)
Outside air temperature Daily hours of sunshine Daily rainfall totals (mm)
A positive or negative correlation is characterised by a straight line
with a positive /negative gradient. The strength of the correlation
depends on the spread of points around the imagined line.
Strong Positive Moderate Positive Weak Positive
Strong negative Moderate Negative Weak negative

Drawing a Line of Best Fit
A line of best fit can be drawn to data that shows a correlation. The
stronger the correlation between the data, the easier it is to draw
the line. The line can be drawn by eye and should have roughly the
same number of data points on either side.
Lobf
The sum of the vertical distances above the line should be roughly
the same as those below.
Plotting
(1). The theshows
table below datathe
points/Drawing a line
shoe size and mass of of
10 men.
bestgraph
(a) Plot a scatter fit/Answering
for this data andquestions.
draw a line of best fit.
Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80
100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)
80
75
70
65
60
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
Question 1
(1). The table below shows the shoe size and mass of 10 men.
(a) Plot a scatter graph for this data and draw a line of best fit.
Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80
100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)
80
75
70
65
60
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80
100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)
80
75
70
65
60
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80
100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)
80
75
70
65
60
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80
100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)
80
75
70
65
60
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80
100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)
80
75
70
65
60
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80
100
95 (b) Draw a line of best fit
and comment on the
90 87 kg correlation. Positive
85
(c) Use your line of best fit
Mass (kg)
80
to estimate:
75
(i) The mass of a man with
70 shoe size 10½.
65 (ii) The shoe size of a man
Size 6
60 with a mass of 69 kg.
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
(2).The table below shows the number of people who visited a museum
over a 10 day period last summer together with the daily sunshine totals.
Hours Sunshine 6 0.5 8 3 8 10 7 5 3 2
Visitors 300 475 100 390 200 50 175 220 350 320
500
450
Number of Visitors
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hours of Sunshine Question2
Hours Sunshine 6 0.5 8 3 8 10 7 5 3 2
Visitors 300 475 100 390 200 50 175 220 350 320
500
450
Number of Visitors
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hours of Sunshine
Hours Sunshine 6 0.5 8 3 8 10 7 5 3 2
Visitors 300 475 100 390 200 50 175 220 350 320
500
450
Number of Visitors
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hours of Sunshine
Hours Sunshine 6 0.5 8 3 8 10 7 5 3 2
Visitors 300 475 100 390 200 50 175 220 350 320
500
450
Number of Visitors
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hours of Sunshine
Hours Sunshine 6 0.5 8 3 8 10 7 5 3 2
Visitors 300 475 100 390 200 50 175 220 350 320
500
and comment on the
Number of Visitors
400 correlation. Negative

350
(c) Use your line of best fit
300
310 to estimate:
250
(i) The number of visitors
200 for 4 hours of sunshine.
150 (ii) The hours of sunshine
5½
100 when 250 people visit.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hours of Sunshine
Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80

and comment on the
95
correlation.
90
If you have a calculator you
85 can find the mean of each
Mass (kg)
80 set of data and plot this

point to help you draw the
75
line of best fit. Ideally all
70 lines of best fit should pass
65 through:
(mean data 1, mean data 2)
60 In this case: (8.6, 79.6)
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size Means 1
Hours Sunshine 6 0.5 8 3 8 10 7 5 3 2
Visitors 300 475 100 390 200 50 175 220 350 320
450 and comment on the
correlation.
Number of Visitors
400
350 If you have a calculator you
can find the mean of each
300 set of data and plot this
250 point to help you draw the
line of best fit. Ideally all
200
lines of best fit should pass
150 through co-ordinates:
100 (mean data 1, mean
data 2) In this case: (5.2,
0 1 258))
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hours of Sunshine Means
Mean 2
(1.) The table below shows the shoe size and mass of 10 men.
Size 5 12 7 10 10 9 8 11 6 8
Mass 65 97 68 92 78 78 76 88 74 80
100
95
90
85
Mass (kg)
80
75
70
65
60
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Shoe Size
Worksheet 1
Hours Sunshine 6 0.5 8 3 8 10 7 5 3 2
Visitors 300 475 100 390 200 50 175 220 350 320
500
450
Number of Visitors
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hours of Sunshine Worksheet 2

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Scatter Graphs

Scatter graphs are used to show whether there is a relationship

1. A positive correlation. As one quantity increases so does the other.

2. A negative correlation. As one quantity increases the other decreases.

3. No correlation. Both quantities vary with no clear relationship.

Shoe Size Temperature Annual Income

1. A positive correlation. As one quantity increases so does the other.

2. A negative correlation. As one quantity increases the other decreases.

3. No correlation. Both quantities vary with no clear relationship.

Shoe Size Temperature Annual Income

1 Positive 2 Negative 3 None

Sales of Ice Cream

Negative 5 Positive Negative

Strong Positive Moderate Positive Weak Positive

Strong negative Moderate Negative Weak negative

400 correlation. Negative

100 (b) Draw a line of best fit

80 set of data and plot this

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