Week 9 - Unit Analisis, Populasi, Teknik Pensampelan

Overview
What is population ?
A population is a group of individuals

who have the same characteristic.
What is sampling?
Sampling is process by which we study a

small part of a population to make judgments
about the entire population.
Why sampling is needed?
 Lower cost
 Greater speed of
data collection (time)
 Greater accuracy
 Large population
Factors to consider
in sample design
 Research objectives
 Resources
 Knowledge of target population
 Need analysis
 Degree of accuracy
 Time frame
 Research scope
UNIT OF ANALYSIS
Who can supply the information?. Some

possibilities might be students, teachers,
parents, adults, some combination of these
individuals, or entire schools.
At this early stage in data collection, you

must decide at what level (e.g., individual,
family, school, school district) the data needs
to be gathered.
This level is referred to UNIT OF ANALYSIS.

Two Basic
Sampling Methods
 Probability samples – ones in which

members of the population have a known
chance (probability) of being selected
into the sample.
 Non probability samples – Instances in

which the chances (probability) of selecting
members from the population into the
samples are unknown.
Type of sampling
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Simple Random Sampling
 All elements in the population are

considered and each has equal chance to
be selected.
 Each possible sample of a given size (n)

has a known and equal probability of being
the sample actually selected.
Simple Random Sampling
1. High 1. Requires list of

generalizability of the population elements
findings 2. Time consuming
3. Uses larger sample
2. Easy to implement sizes
with random number
table.
Systematic Random Sampling
 Sample chosen by selecting a random starting

point, then picking every k th element from the
sampling frame.
 Explain how do you randomizing your sampling?

 Use Microsoft Excel
 Identify, list and number the elements in the population.
 Identify the skip interval & random start, kth element
If there were 1,000 parents in the school

district, the administrator would select 200
(or 20%) for the study.
The administrator uses an interval of five

(200/1,000, or 1 out of 5) to select parents.
5,10,15,20,25,30 ……5th
1. Simple to design 1. Systematic

2. Easier than simple biases are possible
random if population
frame is available.
Stratified Random Sampling
 Population is divided into Sub Population

and subjects are selected randomly.
 Homogeneity within group and

heterogeneity across groups.
 Which part should screening first?
 When do you use stratification?

 Two step process – population is

partitioned into sub population.
 Elements are selected from each sub
population by a random procedure,
usually simple random sampling.
 Should be as homogeneous as possible,
elements across sub should be
heterogeneous as possible.
 Stratification variables – closely related to
the characteristic of interest.
Example:
University students can be divided into:
 Gender
 Race
 School
 Department
 Class level
1. Most efficient 1. Stratification

among all probability must be meaningful
designs 2. Time consuming
2. Increased statistical
efficiency
3. Provides data to
represent sub groups.
Custer Sampling
 Divided into mutually exclusive clusters.

 Random sample of clusters is selected,
based on probability sampling technique
 Elements within cluster – heterogeneous
 Cluster themselves – homogeneous
 Ideally, each cluster should be a small scale
representation of the population.
Custer Sampling
 Population is divided into clusters
Population element Possible clusters in

Malaysia
Malaysian adult population States
Districts
Housing area
Etc..
BASIS FOR STRATIFIED CLUSTER
COMPARISON SAMPLING SAMPLING
Randomly selected All the individuals are
Sample individuals are taken taken from randomly
from all the strata. selected clusters.
Area Sampling
 Example of cluster
 Applied to a population with well defined

political or geographic boundaries
Multistage Sampling
Double Sampling
 The same sample or a subset of the sample

is studied twice.
 Example : a structured interview might

indicate that a subgroup of the respondents
has more insight into a problem in the
organization. Then these respondents might
be approached again with additional
questions.
How if the researcher select all the members
in the population as a sample?
Census refers to the quantitative research method, in
which all the members of the population are
enumerated. In the census, each and every unit of
population is researched.
NON - PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Reason to use
 Meet the sampling objectives
 Lower cost
 Limited time
 Total list population is not available

No need to generalize
Limited objectives
Cost
Time
Feasibility
•Referred to
current
sample •Based on ease
elements of accessibility
Snowball Convenience
sampling sampling
Quota Judgmental
sampling sampling
•Relevant
•Select sample to
characteristics are
some criterion
used to segregate the
sample to improve
representativeness
Convenience sampling
 Selected based on ease of accessibility

 Normally - early stage of exploratory study
 They happen to be in the right place at the
right time.
 Researcher selects participants because
they are willing and available to be studied.
 Examples – people on the street

interviews, volunteers
Convenience sampling
 Examples – people on the street

interviews, volunteers
Judgemental sampling
 Population elements are selected based on

the judgment of the researcher, or those
to conform to some criterion of interest.
 Useful when looking for info that only a few
“experts” can provide.
 Also called purposive sampling
Judgemental sampling
 Examples: academic expertise, expert

witnesses used in court.
Quota sampling
 Quota sampling – relevant characteristics

are used to stratify the sample.
 1st stage – consists of developing
categories of population elements
 2nd stage – sample elements are selected
based on convenience or judgment
 Examples : gender, religion, ethnicity etc

Quota sampling
 2nd type of purposive sampling

 The quota fixed for each groups
 Non probability sampling
 Can be considered as proportionate
stratified sampling
S = 30
60% - Blue collar 18 workers
40% - White collar 12 workers
 Selected non - randomly

Snowball sampling
 Initial group of respondents is selected,

usually at random.
 After being interviewed, these respondents

are asked to identify others who belong to
the target of population of interest.
 Respondents are selected based on the
referrals.
 The researcher asks participants to identify
others to become members of the sample.
Sampling error
 Sampling error – any type of bias that is

attributable to mistakes in either drawing a
sample of determining the sample size
SAMPLING ERROR
 A general rule of thumb is to select as large a

sample as possible from the population.
 The larger the sample, the less the potential

error is that the sample will be different from
the population.
 This difference between the sample estimate

and the true population score is called
sampling error.
SAMPLING ERROR
 Sampling error increase, when sample size decrease

 Non sampling error increase, when sample size increase.
For population, N = 52, what is the sample size?
 (3.841)(52)(0.5)(0.5) / [0.05sqrt(51)] + (3.841)(0.5)(0.5)
 49.93 / (0.13+ 0.96)
 49.93/1.09 = 45.81 or 46 (pls refer to the table of Krejcie & Morgan)
Additional notes
Berikut adalah antara faedah kepada

perancangan pensampelan yang rapi;
 Memudahkan pengumpulan data

 Mengurangkan ralat pengukuran
 Menjimatkan masa
 Menjimatkan kos
Additional notes
Hubungan saiz sampel dan ralat

pensampelan
Semakin besar saiz sampel,

semakin kecil ralat
pensampelan. Jelaskan..
Please get the info!
 Sampling for qualitative research

Week 9 - Unit Analisis, Populasi, Teknik Pensampelan

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Overview

A population is a group of individuals

Sampling is process by which we study a

Who can supply the information?. Some

At this early stage in data collection, you

This level is referred to UNIT OF ANALYSIS.

 Probability samples – ones in which

 Non probability samples – Instances in

 All elements in the population are

 Each possible sample of a given size (n)

1. High 1. Requires list of

 Sample chosen by selecting a random starting

 Explain how do you randomizing your sampling?

If there were 1,000 parents in the school

The administrator uses an interval of five

1. Simple to design 1. Systematic

 Population is divided into Sub Population

 Homogeneity within group and

 Which part should screening first?

 When do you use stratification?

 Two step process – population is

University students can be divided into:

1. Most efficient 1. Stratification

 Divided into mutually exclusive clusters.

 Population is divided into clusters

Population element Possible clusters in

 Applied to a population with well defined

 The same sample or a subset of the sample

 Example : a structured interview might

 Meet the sampling objectives

 Total list population is not available

 Selected based on ease of accessibility

 Examples – people on the street

 Examples – people on the street

 Population elements are selected based on

 Examples: academic expertise, expert

 Quota sampling – relevant characteristics

 Examples : gender, religion, ethnicity etc

 2nd type of purposive sampling

 Selected non - randomly

 Initial group of respondents is selected,

 After being interviewed, these respondents

 Sampling error – any type of bias that is

 A general rule of thumb is to select as large a

 The larger the sample, the less the potential

 This difference between the sample estimate

 Sampling error increase, when sample size decrease

Berikut adalah antara faedah kepada

 Memudahkan pengumpulan data

Hubungan saiz sampel dan ralat

Semakin besar saiz sampel,

 Sampling for qualitative research

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