Sets

Definition of Set

The term set is used to denote a *well-defined collection or group of

objects of any kinds.

*For us to know that a collection is a set, there should be a common

property between each element. This common property should have a
concise definition.
Examples of Sets

The set of positive even numbers less than 10 is a valid set.

The set of families residing in Quezon City is a valid set.

There is no such set as “the set of pretty ladies in this class”. The word
“pretty” as a condition for membership in a set is *not very precise.

*Basically, adjectives are not allowed.

Practice:

True or False: The collection of all large numbers is set.

Equivalent Sets

Two statements are equivalent if they have the same *logical value.

Logical value is either true or false but can’t be both.

Definition of Statement

 A statement or proposition is a declarative sentence that is either

true or false, but not both.

 The truth value of a proposition is true (T), if it is a true proposition

and false (F), if it is a false proposition.
Example:
Determine whether the following sentences are statements or not. If it is a
statement, determine its truth value.

 Selangor is a state in Malaysia.

 Statement. Since we can verify if this sentence is either true or false.

 The sun rises in the West.

 Statement. Since we can verify if this sentence is either true or false.

 128 = 26
 Statement. Since we can verify if this sentence is either true or false by evaluating both
sides.
Connectives
Simple vs. Compound Statements
Example:
Determine if it is a simple statement or a compound statement.
 A dog or a car is an animal.
 Since we have a connective “or”, then this is a compound statement.

 A dog is not an animal.

 Since we have a connective “not”, then this is a compound statement.

 5 < 3.
 Simple statement

 If the earth is flat, then 3 + 4 = 7.

 Since we have a connective “if” and “then”, then this is a compound statement.
Conjunction (AND)
Conjunction (AND)
Conjunction (AND)
Disjunction (OR)
Disjunction (OR)
Disjunction (OR)
Practice 1
Negation (NOT)
Negation (NOT)
Negation of Simple Statement
Negation of Simple Statement
containing “All”, “No”, or “Some”
Negation of Compound Statement
containing “And” and “Or”
Practice 2
Conditional Statements (If and
Then)
Conditional Statements (If and
Then)
Conditional Statements (If and
Then)
Conditional Statements (If and
Then)
Counterexample

At least one example that proves a conditional

statement false.
Counterexample
Counterexample
Practice 3
Negation, Contrapositive,
Converse and Inverse
Negation, Contrapositive,
Converse and Inverse
Contrapositive of a Condition
Statement
Contrapositive of a Condition
Statement
Practice 4
Converse of a Condition Statement
Practice 5
Biconditional Statements (If and
Only If)
Practice 6
Answer Key for Assignment

Valid Solutions:
If 𝑥 2 is not greater than 9, then x is also not greater than 3.

If 𝑥 2 is less than or equal to 9, then x is also less than or equal to 3.

Answer Key for Assignment

Solution:
a. 𝑥 is in A “or” 𝑥 is in C means that 𝑥 is all the numbers listed on both set A and set
C.
𝑥 = {−2, −1,0,1,2,3,4,5}
Answer Key for Assignment

Solution:
b. The first step here is to find the values of x that is not located in B.
𝑥 = {−2, −1,1,3,5}
Then, we need to determine which of these x’s are found in set C.
Thus,
𝑥 = {1,3}
Answer Key for Assignment

Solution:
c. “And”
So, to solve this problem, we need to list all x’s that are part of set A and set B.
𝑥 = {2,4}
Answer Key for Assignment

Solution:
𝑥2 + 3 > 1
𝑥2 + 3 − 1 > 1 − 1
𝑥2 + 2 > 0
Since 𝑥 2 is always positive, then we can say that 𝑥 2 is always greater than 0.
It implies that 𝑥 2 + 2 is also greater than 0 regardless of the value of x.
Thus, 𝑥 = {−∞, +∞}
Answer Key for Assignment

Solution:
True.
Linearity is 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, a property involving the combination of two or more
systems. Thus, if f(x) and g(x) are linear functions, then the combination of them are
also a linear function.
Therefore, f(x)+g(x) is a linear function.