Mathematical

Logic

MATHEMATICS Mathematical Logic

FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT MATHEMATICS FACULTY
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic

Department of Mathematics and Sciences

Applications

College of Arts and Sciences

University of San Jose - Recoletos
Cebu City, Philippines
 Learning Outcomes:

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL 1 Demonstrate understanding and skills in analyzing various

forms of mathematical logic.
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
2 Analyze information and establish relationship between
STATE-
MENTS
statements.
Logic Connectives
and Symbols 3 Determine the validity of arguments and arrive at valid
Quantifiers and
Negation conclusions based on the given assumptions.
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
4 Develop and enhance one’s proficiency in the course of
conversations involving logic and reasoning.
 STATEMENTS OR PROPOSITIONS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 STATEMENTS OR PROPOSITIONS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
Identify if each item can be considered as a Mathematical
FACULTY
sentence or not. If it is, state whether it’s true or false.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 STATEMENTS OR PROPOSITIONS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
Identify if each item can be considered as a Mathematical
FACULTY
sentence or not. If it is, state whether it’s true or false.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
1. Cebu City is the provincial capital of Cebu.
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 STATEMENTS OR PROPOSITIONS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
Identify if each item can be considered as a Mathematical
FACULTY
sentence or not. If it is, state whether it’s true or false.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
1. Cebu City is the provincial capital of Cebu. True
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 STATEMENTS OR PROPOSITIONS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
Identify if each item can be considered as a Mathematical
FACULTY
sentence or not. If it is, state whether it’s true or false.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
1. Cebu City is the provincial capital of Cebu. True
STATEMENT
2. Give me the keys.
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 STATEMENTS OR PROPOSITIONS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
Identify if each item can be considered as a Mathematical
FACULTY
sentence or not. If it is, state whether it’s true or false.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
1. Cebu City is the provincial capital of Cebu. True
STATEMENT
2. Give me the keys. Not a sentence
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 STATEMENTS OR PROPOSITIONS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
Identify if each item can be considered as a Mathematical
FACULTY
sentence or not. If it is, state whether it’s true or false.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
1. Cebu City is the provincial capital of Cebu. True
STATEMENT
2. Give me the keys. Not a sentence
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
3. 21 + 10 = 45
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 STATEMENTS OR PROPOSITIONS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
Identify if each item can be considered as a Mathematical
FACULTY
sentence or not. If it is, state whether it’s true or false.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
1. Cebu City is the provincial capital of Cebu. True
STATEMENT
2. Give me the keys. Not a sentence
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
3. 21 + 10 = 45 False
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 STATEMENTS OR PROPOSITIONS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
Identify if each item can be considered as a Mathematical
FACULTY
sentence or not. If it is, state whether it’s true or false.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
1. Cebu City is the provincial capital of Cebu. True
STATEMENT
2. Give me the keys. Not a sentence
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
3. 21 + 10 = 45 False
MENTS
Logic Connectives
4. x < 1
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 STATEMENTS OR PROPOSITIONS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
Identify if each item can be considered as a Mathematical
FACULTY
sentence or not. If it is, state whether it’s true or false.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
1. Cebu City is the provincial capital of Cebu. True
STATEMENT
2. Give me the keys. Not a sentence
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
3. 21 + 10 = 45 False
MENTS
Logic Connectives
4. x < 1 Not a sentence
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 STATEMENTS OR PROPOSITIONS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
Identify if each item can be considered as a Mathematical
FACULTY
sentence or not. If it is, state whether it’s true or false.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
1. Cebu City is the provincial capital of Cebu. True
STATEMENT
2. Give me the keys. Not a sentence
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
3. 21 + 10 = 45 False
MENTS
Logic Connectives
4. x < 1 Not a sentence
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation Proposition/Statement a complete declarative sentence that is
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
either true or false
Applications
 STATEMENTS OR PROPOSITIONS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
Identify if each item can be considered as a Mathematical
FACULTY
sentence or not. If it is, state whether it’s true or false.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
1. Cebu City is the provincial capital of Cebu. True
STATEMENT
2. Give me the keys. Not a sentence
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
3. 21 + 10 = 45 False
MENTS
Logic Connectives
4. x < 1 Not a sentence
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation Proposition/Statement a complete declarative sentence that is
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
either true or false
Applications

The designation T(true) or F(false), one and only one of

which is assignable to any given statement, is called the
truth value of that statement.
 SIMPLE and COMPOUND STATEMENTS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 SIMPLE and COMPOUND STATEMENTS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Simple Statement expresses a single idea
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 SIMPLE and COMPOUND STATEMENTS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Simple Statement expresses a single idea
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT
Example I will stay at home.
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 SIMPLE and COMPOUND STATEMENTS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Simple Statement expresses a single idea
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT
Example I will stay at home.
SIMPLE and I will go to the mall.
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 SIMPLE and COMPOUND STATEMENTS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Simple Statement expresses a single idea
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT
Example I will stay at home.
SIMPLE and I will go to the mall.
COMPOUND
STATE- I will watch a movie.
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 SIMPLE and COMPOUND STATEMENTS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Simple Statement expresses a single idea
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT
Example I will stay at home.
SIMPLE and I will go to the mall.
COMPOUND
STATE- I will watch a movie.
MENTS
Logic Connectives Compound Statement expresses two or more ideas
joined by logical connectives: “and”, “or”, “not”,
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic “if. . . then”, and “if and only if”
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 SIMPLE and COMPOUND STATEMENTS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Simple Statement expresses a single idea
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT
Example I will stay at home.
SIMPLE and I will go to the mall.
COMPOUND
STATE- I will watch a movie.
MENTS
Logic Connectives Compound Statement expresses two or more ideas
joined by logical connectives: “and”, “or”, “not”,
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic “if. . . then”, and “if and only if”
Symbolic Logic

Example I will stay at home or I will go to the mall.

Applications
 SIMPLE and COMPOUND STATEMENTS

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Simple Statement expresses a single idea
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT
Example I will stay at home.
SIMPLE and I will go to the mall.
COMPOUND
STATE- I will watch a movie.
MENTS
Logic Connectives Compound Statement expresses two or more ideas
joined by logical connectives: “and”, “or”, “not”,
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic “if. . . then”, and “if and only if”
Symbolic Logic

Example I will stay at home or I will go to the mall.

Applications

I will go to the mall and I will watch a movie.

 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Negation of p indicates the opposite of the proposition p
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
denoted by ¬p read as “not p”
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Negation of p indicates the opposite of the proposition p
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
denoted by ¬p read as “not p”
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
Example:
p: Fishes can swim.
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Negation of p indicates the opposite of the proposition p
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
denoted by ¬p read as “not p”
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
Example:
p: Fishes can swim. True
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Negation of p indicates the opposite of the proposition p
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
denoted by ¬p read as “not p”
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
Example:
p: Fishes can swim. True
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
¬p: Fishes cannot swim.
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Negation of p indicates the opposite of the proposition p
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
denoted by ¬p read as “not p”
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
Example:
p: Fishes can swim. True
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
¬p: Fishes cannot swim. False
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Negation of p indicates the opposite of the proposition p
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
denoted by ¬p read as “not p”
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
Example:
p: Fishes can swim. True
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
¬p: Fishes cannot swim. False
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic p ¬p
Symbolic Logic
Applications
T F
F T
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic Conjunction of p and q formed by joining two propositions p
MATHEMATICS and q with the word “and” denoted by p ∧ q
FACULTY
(read as “p and q”)
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic Conjunction of p and q formed by joining two propositions p
MATHEMATICS and q with the word “and” denoted by p ∧ q
FACULTY
(read as “p and q”)
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT
Example:
SIMPLE and p: I woke up early today.
COMPOUND
STATE- q: I jogged for 30 minutes.
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic Conjunction of p and q formed by joining two propositions p
MATHEMATICS and q with the word “and” denoted by p ∧ q
FACULTY
(read as “p and q”)
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT
Example:
SIMPLE and p: I woke up early today.
COMPOUND
STATE- q: I jogged for 30 minutes.
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
p ∧ q: I woke up early today and I jogged for 30
Quantifiers and
Negation minutes.
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic Conjunction of p and q formed by joining two propositions p
MATHEMATICS and q with the word “and” denoted by p ∧ q
FACULTY
(read as “p and q”)
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT
Example:
SIMPLE and p: I woke up early today.
COMPOUND
STATE- q: I jogged for 30 minutes.
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
p ∧ q: I woke up early today and I jogged for 30
Quantifiers and
Negation minutes.
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications p q p∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic Disjunction of p and q formed by joining two propositions p
MATHEMATICS and q with the word “or” denoted by p ∨ q (read
FACULTY
as “p or q”)
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic Disjunction of p and q formed by joining two propositions p
MATHEMATICS and q with the word “or” denoted by p ∨ q (read
FACULTY
as “p or q”)
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT
Example:
SIMPLE and p: I am going to wash my clothes.
COMPOUND
STATE- q: I am going to sleep all day.
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic Disjunction of p and q formed by joining two propositions p
MATHEMATICS and q with the word “or” denoted by p ∨ q (read
FACULTY
as “p or q”)
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT
Example:
SIMPLE and p: I am going to wash my clothes.
COMPOUND
STATE- q: I am going to sleep all day.
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
p ∨ q: I am going to wash my clothes or I am going to
Quantifiers and
Negation
sleep all day.
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic Disjunction of p and q formed by joining two propositions p
MATHEMATICS and q with the word “or” denoted by p ∨ q (read
FACULTY
as “p or q”)
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT
Example:
SIMPLE and p: I am going to wash my clothes.
COMPOUND
STATE- q: I am going to sleep all day.
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
p ∨ q: I am going to wash my clothes or I am going to
Quantifiers and
Negation
sleep all day.
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications p q p∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic
Conditional usually expressed as “If p then q” denoted by
MATHEMATICS
FACULTY p→q (read as “p implies q”).
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic
Conditional usually expressed as “If p then q” denoted by
MATHEMATICS
FACULTY p→q (read as “p implies q”).
PROPOSITIONAL Example:
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT p: You were absent yesterday.
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND q: You need to get an excuse slip from SDPC today.
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic
Conditional usually expressed as “If p then q” denoted by
MATHEMATICS
FACULTY p→q (read as “p implies q”).
PROPOSITIONAL Example:
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT p: You were absent yesterday.
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND q: You need to get an excuse slip from SDPC today.
STATE-
MENTS p→q: If you were absent yesterday then you need to get
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
an excuse slip from SDPC today.
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic
Conditional usually expressed as “If p then q” denoted by
MATHEMATICS
FACULTY p→q (read as “p implies q”).
PROPOSITIONAL Example:
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT p: You were absent yesterday.
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND q: You need to get an excuse slip from SDPC today.
STATE-
MENTS p→q: If you were absent yesterday then you need to get
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
an excuse slip from SDPC today.
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic
Biconditional expressed as p ↔ q represents “p if and only if
MATHEMATICS
FACULTY q,” where p is a hypothesis and q is a conclusion.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic
Biconditional expressed as p ↔ q represents “p if and only if
MATHEMATICS
FACULTY q,” where p is a hypothesis and q is a conclusion.
PROPOSITIONAL Example:
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT p: You passed the exam.
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND q: You scored 60% or higher.
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic
Biconditional expressed as p ↔ q represents “p if and only if
MATHEMATICS
FACULTY q,” where p is a hypothesis and q is a conclusion.
PROPOSITIONAL Example:
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT p: You passed the exam.
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND q: You scored 60% or higher.
STATE-
MENTS p ↔ q: You passed the exam if and only if you scored
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
60% or higher.
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic
Biconditional expressed as p ↔ q represents “p if and only if
MATHEMATICS
FACULTY q,” where p is a hypothesis and q is a conclusion.
PROPOSITIONAL Example:
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT p: You passed the exam.
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND q: You scored 60% or higher.
STATE-
MENTS p ↔ q: You passed the exam if and only if you scored
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
60% or higher.
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
p q p↔q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
 Logic Connectives and Symbols

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL STATEMENT CONNECTIVE SYMBOLIC TYPE OF

CALCULUS or
STATEMENT FORM STATEMENT
SIMPLE and Not p not ¬p Negation
COMPOUND
STATE- p and q and p∧q Conjunction
MENTS
Logic Connectives p or q or p∨q Disjunction
If p, then q If. . . then Conditional
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
p→q
Implications in Logic p if and only If and only if p↔q Biconditional
Symbolic Logic
Applications
if q
 Example

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Given
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
p: Today is a holiday.
q: It is a special day.
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
Express the given symbolic form of the compound sentence in
MENTS
Logic Connectives
words.
and Symbols
Quantifiers and 1 p∧q
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
2 p∨q
Applications
3 p→q
4 p↔q
 Example

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS Let p, q, and r denote the statements provided below.

FACULTY
p: I pass the exam.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or q: I pass the course.
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and r : I make it to the dean’s list.

COMPOUND
STATE- Write the following compound statements in symbolic form.
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
i. Either I pass the course or I don’t make it to the dean’s
Quantifiers and
Negation list.
ii. If I don’t pass the course then I don’t make it to the
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications

dean’s list.
iii. I passed the course, but I didn’t make it to the dean’s list.
iv. I did not pass the exam, but I passed the course.
 Seatwork

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS Consider the following statements given by:

FACULTY
p: The volleyball game will be played in Manila.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or q: The volleyball game will be shown in ABS-CBN.
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and r : The volleyball game will not be shown in GMA.

COMPOUND
STATE- s: The Manila team are expected to win.
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Write the following symbolic statements using the statements
Quantifiers and
Negation
shown above.
i. p ∧ r
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications

ii. ¬s ↔ p
iii. p → ¬r
iv. ¬s ∨ ¬r
 Quantifiers

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT Existential quantifier indicates that the statement is true for at
SIMPLE and least one element denoted by ∃
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS uses the words “some”, “for some”, “there
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
exists” and “at least one”
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Quantifiers

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT Existential quantifier indicates that the statement is true for at
SIMPLE and least one element denoted by ∃
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS uses the words “some”, “for some”, “there
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
exists” and “at least one”
Negation
Implications in Logic Example: Some birds do not fly.
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Quantifiers

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or Universal quantifier indicates that the statement is true for all
STATEMENT
elements denoted by ∀
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Quantifiers

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or Universal quantifier indicates that the statement is true for all
STATEMENT
elements denoted by ∀
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
“None” or “no” indicates the non-existence
MENTS
Logic Connectives
of something
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Quantifiers

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or Universal quantifier indicates that the statement is true for all
STATEMENT
elements denoted by ∀
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
“None” or “no” indicates the non-existence
MENTS
Logic Connectives
of something
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
“All” and “for every”
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Quantifiers

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or Universal quantifier indicates that the statement is true for all
STATEMENT
elements denoted by ∀
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
“None” or “no” indicates the non-existence
MENTS
Logic Connectives
of something
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
“All” and “for every”
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Example: All prime numbers are greater than 1.
Applications
 Quantifiers

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or Universal quantifier indicates that the statement is true for all
STATEMENT
elements denoted by ∀
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
“None” or “no” indicates the non-existence
MENTS
Logic Connectives
of something
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
“All” and “for every”
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Example: All prime numbers are greater than 1.
Applications
No prime number is less than 1.
 Negation of Quantified Statements

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Statement Negation
All X are Y . Some X are not Y .
No X are Y . Some X are Y .
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or

Some X are not Y . All X are Y .

STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND Some X are Y . No X are Y .
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Negation of Quantified Statements

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Statement Negation
All X are Y . Some X are not Y .
No X are Y . Some X are Y .
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or

Some X are not Y . All X are Y .

STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND Some X are Y . No X are Y .
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Example:
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic Statement Negation
All dogs bark. Some dogs do not bark.
Symbolic Logic
Applications

No human can fly. Some humans can fly.

Some cars are not expensive. All cars are expensive.
Some people are born lucky. No one is born lucky.
 Implications in Logic

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY If p → q is a conditional where the proposition p is the
PROPOSITIONAL hypothesis and the proposition q is the conclusion, then
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT q → p is called its converse;
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
¬q → ¬p is called its contrapositive
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Implications in Logic

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY If p → q is a conditional where the proposition p is the
PROPOSITIONAL hypothesis and the proposition q is the conclusion, then
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT q → p is called its converse;
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
¬q → ¬p is called its contrapositive
STATE-
MENTS Example: Determine the converse and contrapositive of the
Logic Connectives
and Symbols implication:
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
i. If the snack is nutritious, then it surely provides a lot of
Symbolic Logic
Applications energy.
ii. If you miss to take the final examination, then you will
have an incomplete final grade.
 Symbolic Logic Applications

Mathematical
Logic Switching network an arrangement of wires and switches that
MATHEMATICS connects two terminals.
FACULTY
A closed switch permits the flow of current.
PROPOSITIONAL An open switch prevents the flow of current.
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and Figure: A switching network with a single switch P that connects two
COMPOUND
STATE- terminals.
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Switching network

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS An analogy exists between a network P and a statement p

since a network is either open or close while a statement p is
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL either true or false.

CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Switching network

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS An analogy exists between a network P and a statement p

since a network is either open or close while a statement p is
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL either true or false.

CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

Series network involves two switches, P and Q, connected in a

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND

chain
STATE-
MENTS

closed, if and only if, both switches P and Q

Logic Connectives
and Symbols

are closed
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
equivalent to p ∧ q
 Switching network

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS

Parallel network involves two switches connected in parallel

FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or closed if either switches P or Q is closed
STATEMENT
denoted by P ∨ Q
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND equivalent to p ∨ q
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Complex Network

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
This complex network is closed, provided P or Q is closed or
whenever both R and ¬P are closed. In symbolic logic, this
Applications

network can be modeled as

 Complex Network

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
This complex network is closed, provided P or Q is closed or
whenever both R and ¬P are closed. In symbolic logic, this
Applications

network can be modeled as

(P ∨ Q) ∨ (R ∧ ¬P).
 Seatwork

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Write a symbolic statement to represent the given network.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Seatwork

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY
Write a symbolic statement to represent the given network.
PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
R ∧ (¬P ∨ Q) ∧ ¬S
 Correction in p.42

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
Figure: a.
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT

SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic Figure: b.
Symbolic Logic
Applications
 Performance Task

Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY To be submitted on or before August 3. Deductions for late
PROPOSITIONAL submission, if any
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT -5 points if received within the two calendar days following
SIMPLE and
COMPOUND
due date & time
STATE-
MENTS -10 points if received between 2 and 6 calendar days
Logic Connectives
and Symbols following due date & time
-20 points if received between 7 and 14 calendar days after
Quantifiers and
Negation
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
Applications
due date & time
reduction to zero for papers submitted more than 14
calendar days late
Mathematical
Logic

MATHEMATICS
FACULTY

PROPOSITIONAL
CALCULUS or
STATEMENT
Morash, R. P. (1987). Bridge to Abstract Mathematics
SIMPLE and (pp. 51-79). Random House, Inc.
COMPOUND
STATE-
MENTS
Dayap, J. A., Dionsay, J. S., Sullano, A. Q., & Villeta, R.
Logic Connectives
and Symbols
B. (2018). Exploring the Basics of Mathematics in the
Quantifiers and
Negation Modern World (pp. 25-30). San Sebastian
Implications in Logic
Symbolic Logic
College-Recoletos de Cavite.
Applications