12/07/2021

MUFFAKHAMJAH COLLEGE OF ENGGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION.

A TECHNICAL PRESENTATION
ON
DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF COHERRENT SIGNALS

BY PROJECT GUIDE
SHAIK MOHAMMED NAWAZ(04084023) AYEESHA NAAZ
SHAIK ASWATH HUSSAIN(04084142L) ASSOCIATE .PROF
MOHAMMMED KHADEER(04084046). MJCET.HYDERABAD.
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OUTLINE:

1. Back ground
2. What is Array Signal Processing???
3. Direction of arriaval (DOA)estimation.
4. ESPRIT
5. Applications of DOA
6. References.
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OBJECTIVE.
 Discuss sensor Arrays signal processing and similarities
to antenna arrays processing.
 Investigate various direction of arrival(DOA) techniques.
 Applications of DOA’s
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ARRAY SIGNAL PROCESSING.

 An array of sensors, distributed over a
horizontal plane surface, is used to receive a
propagating wave field with the following
objectives:
 To localize a source. Signal Source 2
 To receive a message from a distant source. Signal Source 1
(DOA)
 To image a medium through which the wave
field is propagating
1
 Detect number of signals Sensor Array
d (ULA)

Receive Signals
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COMPARISON BETWEEN SENSOR AND ANTENNA ARRAYS.

No. Sensor Arrays Antenna Arrays

1. Multiple sensors’ Reception of multiple
readouts used to elements are
make final decision combined to estimate
signal
2. Different sensors Different elements
provide different receive multipath*
“views” components
3. Not necessarily all Not necessarily all
sensor readouts are element receptions
combined are combined

 *Multipath components are signal waves arriving at different times because

each sample traveled varying distances as a result of reflections.
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BASIC ARRAY CONFIGURATIONS

Uniform linear array

Uniform planar array

Uniform circular array

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DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL ESTIMATION(DOA)

 DOA involves computing the spatial
spectrum and determining the maximas.
 Maximas correspond to DOAs
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DIRECTION OF ARRIVAL ESTIMATION ALGORITHMS

The DOA algorithm must satisfy the following conditions :

 Low computational intensity (MIPS/MFLOPS)
 High accuracy (RMSE)

 High speed
 Easy implementation
 Good performance at low SNRs

 Works on a 2 microphone array system with 4cm

separation between them.

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DIRECTION OF ARIVAL(DOA) METHODS.

DOA

CLASSIC Subspace Maximum

likelihood(ML)
AL methods techniques

ESPRIT is explored in this presentation

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ESTIMATION OF SIGNAL PARAMETERS VIA ROTATIONAL

INVARIANCE TECHNIQUE(ESPRIT)

 Basic assumption in ESPRIT is that a group of sensors can be

divided in two sub arrays so that sub arrays are geometric copies
of each other.
 Calibration is not needed between sub arrays
 Assumes number of sources < Number of antenna elements.
 else signals may be poorly resolved
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MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF ESPRIT

 Xn=ASn+Vn(x)
 Yn=Aφsn+Vn(x)
 Φ is a digonal matrix rxr
 Zn= | Xn | = AbSn+Vn
| Yn |
R is the covarience matrix of z.
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PETTERN FORMING NETWORK.

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ESPRIT ALGORITM
Calculate Rzz from observationsof z

Estimate the number of sources:d

Pick the eigenvectors corresponding to the d largest eigen values of Rzz to contruct Es

Partition Es into dxd submatrices

Es= e11 e12
e21 e22

Compute the DOA’s θk = arcsin(arg(λ k)/2π Δ)

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ESPRIT ALGORITHM FOR LINEAR ARRAYS

Let Y=Q^h(n)X.

Pick the eigen vectors corresponding to the r largest eigen values of {Re(y),Im(y)} to construct Es

Solve for Ψ in {k1Es}Ψ=k2Es

Let ({λi}^r)@i=1 be the eigen values of ψ

DOA’s are Ѳi=Arcsin[arctan(λi)/πr] for every i=1,2,…r.

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QR ESPRIT ALGORITHM.
Compute the signal subspace:
E=|Ex^r Ey^r|^r

QR decomposition of E E=QR

Let R=Q^hER^-1

Eigenalues of R give the DOA’s

DOA Method Equation for Implementation

Delay and Sum P ( )  a ( ) Sa ( )

*

Minimum Variance 1
P( ) 
a* ( )inv( s )a ( )

MUSIC
a ()a()
*

P() 
a ()EN ENa()
* *

Coherent MUSIC
a 'a
P ( ) 
a ' EN EN ' a

Root MUSIC
 K  sin 1  c.angle( z ) /(0 d )

ESPRIT
 K  sin
1
 c arg( K
) /(0 d )
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APPLICATIONS OF DOA
 DOA estimation is a very important technique both in wireless
telecommunication system and audio/speech processing system
 The estimated DOA’s of incoming signals can be used to suppress
the interference and enhance the desired signal in an adaptive
array sensor system
 Another applicable field of DOA estimation is robotics
 It can deal with signals up to the number of sensors, and because
it’s unnecessary to search nulls of directivity patterns, the
calculation cost is reduced.
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CONCLUSION.
 The conclusions based on the results of this simulation study are summarized as follows:
 1. The ESPRIT method estimates signal DOA by finding the roots of two independent
equations closest to the unit circle. This method does not require using a scan vector to
scan over all possible directions like the MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification)
algorithm.
 2. Estimation error is relatively independent of signal azimuth angle if the signal
impinging the array from low elevation angle.
 3. When the signal impinging the array from high elevation angle, there are some critical
azimuths angles that yield a very large estimation error. This is due to the fact that at
those critical azimuth angles, the received data vectors are very close. Thus there is not
sufficient information to process the received data. To avoid large estimation error, we
suggest to alternatively choosing a different subset and shifting the subset in different
directions.
 4. Estimation error can be reduced by (a) using an array containing a large number of
elements, (b) increasing the number of temporal averaging in matrix element estimation.
 5. Array element position may deviate from the ideal position. Position deviation will
degrade DOA performance. Sensitivity analysis due to imprecise element position will
be carried out in future study.
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REFERENCES.
 Direction finding for wideband signals using an intrerpolated array,
IEEE trans. Siganl proc,vol.41,n0.4,pp.1618-1634
 Monthippa uthansakul and marek e bialkowski, an array antenna
with wideband beam steering capability employing spatial signal
processing, IEEE transaction ,2010

Books:
1. Sensor array signal processing by prabhakar s naidu.

2. Narrowband direction of arrival estimation for antenna arrays. By

jeffery foutz
3. Classical and modern direction of arrival estimation by benjimen
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Queries…?????
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We would like to thank

Ayesha naaz madam and
rangaiah sir for
guiding us