Professional Documents
Culture Documents
a. Mesentrika a. kolika
superior dextra
a. kolika
Aorta
media
a. Mesentrika a. kolika
inferior sinistra
Epidemiologi
■ BAB berdarah
■ Rasa tidak nyaman pada perut
■ Penurunan berat badan tanpa alasan jelas
■ Rasa lelah
■ Gejala metastasis ke liver: nyeri pada kuadran kanan atas abdomen, jaundice,
ascites, edema, hipoglikemi, koma
■ Gejala metastasis ke paru: batuk darah, sesak nafas, nyeri dada
Pemeriksaan fisik
■ Colok dubur
■ Fecal occult blood test
Pemeriksaan penunjang
Indikasi kolonoskopi
■ Flexible sigmoidoskopi
■ Barium enema
■ CT colonography
■ Pemeriksaan CEA
Klasifikasi Dukes
Stadium
Stadium B1 Tumor sebatas submucosa, tidak ada invasi ke kelenjar getah bening
Stadium B2 Tumor sampai ke lapisan muskularis, tidak ada invasi ke kelenjar getah
bening
Stadium C1 Tumor tidak mencapai dinding luar usus, terdapat metastasis kelenjar
getah bening
Stadium C2 Tumor melewati dinding luar usus, metastasis kelenjar getah bening
Klasifikasi TNM
Stage 0 Tis N0 M0
Stage I T1 N0 M0
Stage II T2 N0 M0
T3 N0 M0
Stage III T4 N0 M0
Any of T N1 M0
Any of T N2 M0
■ Operatif
■ Kemoterapi
Operatif
III 1. Capecitabine
2. 5-FU/LV
3. m/FOLFOX6 atau CapeOX
Kemoterapi: stadium IV
a. FOLFIRI + Bevacizumab:
Irinotecan 180mg/m2 IV pada hari 1 + 5-Fluorouracil 400mg/m2 IV bolus diikuti
600mg/m2 IV continous infusion untuk 22 jam hari 1 dan 2 + Leucovorin
200mg/m2 IV pada hari 1 dan 2 sebagai 2 jam infusion+ bevacizumab 5mg/kg.
Siklus diulang tiap 2 minggu untuk total 12 minggu.
b. mFOLFOX6 + bevacizumab:
Oxaliplatin 85mg/m2 IV + Leucovorin 400mg/m2 IV + 5-FU 400mg/m2 IV bolus pada
hari pertama dan diikuti 1200mg/m2/hari selama 2 hari dan diulang setiap 2
minggu dan bevacizumab 5mg/kg.
c. CapeOX + bevacizumab
Kombinasi Terapi
IV 1. FOLFOX
2. CapeOX
3. FOLFIRI
4. Capecitabine atau 5-FU/LV
5. Bevacizumab
Prognosis
■ Stage I: 74%
■ Stage II: 67%
■ Stage III: 46%
■ Stage IV: 6%
Daftar Pustaka
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■ Mustafa M, Menon J, Muniandy RK, Illzam EL, Shah MJ, Sharifa AM. Colorectal cancer: pathogenesis, management and
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■ Haggar FA, Boushey RP. Colorectal cancer epidemiology: incidence, mortality, survival, and risk factors. Clin colon rectal surg.
2009; 22(4): 191-7.
■ Labianca R, Nordlinger B, Beretta GD, Brouquet A, Cervantes A. Primary colon cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for
diagnosis, adjuvant treatment and follow-up. Annals of oncology. 2010. 21(5): 70-7.
■ American cancer society. Key statistics for colorectal cancer. 2017. Avaiable from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/colon-rectal-
cancer/about/key-statistics.html.
■ Kementerian kesehatan RI. Situasi penyakit kanker. Buletin jendela data dan informasi kesehatan. 2015.
■ NICE. Colorectal cancer: diagnosis and management. 2014. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg131.
■ Jancik S, Drabek J, Radzioch D, Hajduch M. Clinical relevance of KRAS in human cancers. Journal of biomedicine and
biotechnology. 2010; 2010: 1-13.
■ Hussain MRM, Baig M, Mohamoud HSA, Ulhaq Z, Hoessli DC, Khogeer GS, et al. BRAF gene: from human cancers to
developmental syndromes. Saudi journal of biological sciences. 2015; 22: 359-73.
■ Mojarad EN, Kuppen PJK, Aghdaei HA, Zali MR. The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) in colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol
hepatol bed bench. 2013; 6(3):120-8.
■ Yamagishi H, Kuroda H, Imai Y, Hiraishi H. Molecular pathogenesis of sporadic colorectal cancers. Chin J Cancer. 2016. 35:4.
■ Pluta MR, Lynm C, Golub RM. Colonoscopy. JAMA. 2011. 305(11):1154.
■ Soetikno RM, Kaltenbach T, Rouse RV. Prevalence of nonpolypoid (flat and depressed) colorectal neoplasm in asymptomatic
and symptomatic adults. JAMA. 2008. 299(9): 1027-35.
■ Akkoca AN, Yanik S, Ozdemir ZT, Cihan FG, Sayar S, Cincin TG, et al. TNM and
modified dukes staging along with the demographic characteristics of patients with
colorectal carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014. 7(9): 2828-35.
■ Corman M, Nicholls RJ, Fazio VW. Corman’s colon and rectal surgery. Philadelphia:
Wolters Kluwer. 2012.
■ The National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Guidelines for patients: Colon
Cancer. 2017.
■ Rose JL. Colon cancer treatment protocols. 2017. Available from:
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2005487-overview.