Professional Documents
Culture Documents
10/1/2018
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10/1/2018
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RULING OUT LIMB LEAD
REVERSAL
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This is a 12 lead ECG or simply 12
different views of the heart.
10/1/2018
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Cardiac Intervals
10/1/2018
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Precordial Leads
www.uptodate.com
(300 / 6) = 50 bpm
What is the heart rate?
www.uptodate.com
(300 / ~ 4) = ~ 75 bpm
What is the heart rate?
# of big Rate
boxes
1 300
2 150
3 100
4 75
5 60
6 50
All Limb Leads
The QRS Axis
By near-consensus, the
normal QRS axis is defined
as ranging from -30° to
+90°.
Sinus
Atrial
Junctional
Ventricular
Sinus Rhythms: Criteria/Types
• Rate is 60 to 100
Sinus Bradycardia
• PR interval constant
• >.2 sec
• All impulses conducted
2nd Degree AV Block Type 1
• Constant PR interval
3rd Degree AV Block
Premature Ventricular
Wide QRS Contractions
complex
Idioventricular Rhythm
Rate : Accelerated IVR
variable
Ventricular Tachycardia
No P waves
Ventricular Fibrillation
Premature Ventricular Contraction
• Escape rhythm
• Rate is 20 to 40 bpm
Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm
Left
Complete Complete
Incomplete QRS > .12 secs
Right Incomplete
Complete QRS .10 - .12 secs
Incomplete
Left Bundle Branch Block: Causes
Normal variant
Idiopathic degeneration of the
conduction system
Cardiomyopathy
Ischemic heart disease
Aortic Stenosis
Hyperkalemia
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Criteria for Left Bundle Branch Block
(LBBB)
Bizarre QRS Morphology
High voltage S wave in V1, V2 & V3
Tall R wave in leads I, aVL and V5-6
Often LAD
QRS Interval
ST depression in leads I, aVL, & V5-V6
T wave inversion in I, aVL, & V5-V6
Left Bundle Branch Block
Right Bundle Branch Block:
Causes
Idiopathic degeneration of the
conduction system
Ischemic heart disease
Cardiomyopathy
Massive Pulmonary Embolus
Ventricular Hypertrophy
Normal Variant
Criteria for Right Bundle Branch
Block (RBBB)
QRS morphology
Wide S wave in leads I and V4-V6
RSR’ pattern in leads V1, V2 and V3
QRS duration
ST depression in leads V1 and V2
T wave inversion in leads V1 and V2
Right Bundle Branch Block
Right Bundle Branch Block
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ABNORMALITAS ATRIUM
@ ABNORMALITAS ATRIUM KANAN
@ ABNORMALITAS ATRIUM KIRI
Kriteria EKG untuk AAKa
1. Kriteria Voltase :
Voltase Ventrikel Kiri meninggi
macam-macam kriteria,pilih salah
satu :
• R atau S di sandapan ekstremitas >=
20 mm
• S di kompleks VKa >= 25 mm
• R di kompleks VKi >= 25 mm
• S di VKa + VKi >= 35 mm
2. Depresi ST dan inversi T di kompleks VKi
(sering disebut “strain pattern”)
3. AAKi
4. Sumbu QRS pada bidang Frontal > -15o
5. Interval QRS atau WAV di kompleks VKi
memanjang :
• Interval QRS >= 0,09 detik
• WAV >= 0,04 detik
Sistem Skoring Romhilt Estes
No. 1 = nilai 3
No. 2 = nilai 3
No. 3 = nilai 3
No. 4 = nilai 2
No. 5 = nilai 1
Bila jumlah nilai > 5, dianggap definitif
HVKi
Bila jumlah nilai = 4, dianggap
kemungkinan HVKi.
Beberapa catatan tentang HVKi
Spesifik a dan b
Bermakna bila lebih dari 1 mm, makin
dalam makin spesifik.
Depresi ST pada iskemia miokard
Hiperkalemia
Hipokalemia
Hiperkalsemia
Hipokalsemia
Digitalis
Perikarditis
Hiperkalemia
Tricuspid Regurgitation
Atrial Septal Defect
Pulmonary Stenosis
Tetralogy of Fallot
Ventricular Septal Defect
Left Atrial Enlargement: Causes
Mitral Stenosis
Mitral Regurgitation
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Hypertension
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Insufficiency
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Left Atrial Enlargement: Criteria
P wave
Notch in P wave
Any lead
Peaks > 0.04 secs
V1
Terminal portion of P wave > 1mm deep
and > 0.04 sec wide
Lead II
P Wave: Left Atrial Enlargement
Left Atrial Enlargement
Lead V1
Right Atrial Enlargement: Causes
CHD
Tricuspid Stenosis
Pulmonary Stenosis
COPD
Pulmonary HTN
Pulmonary Embolus
Mitral Regurgitation
Mitral Stenosis
Right Atrial Enlargement: Criteria
Downsloping
Upsloping
Horizontal
EKG Changes: Ischemia →
Acute Injury→ Infarction
Evolution of Transmural
Infarction
Evolution of a Subendocardial
Infarction
Anatomic Groups
(Summary)
Hyperacute T waves
Q Waves
Pathological Q waves
Q waves of more than 2mm
indicate full thickness myocardial
damage from an infarct
Late sign of MI (evolved)
Look for Grouped Patterns
(Footprints)
ST Depressions = Ischemia
ST Elevations = injury