CONTROL VALVE - THEORY

& SIZING

• The control valve, commonly named the

final control element of control contains a
pneumatic device that converts the control
signal from the controller in action,
regulating the process fluid flow.
 . Valves make up approximately
15% of the total expenditure for
the materials and equipments for
the refinery or chemical
processing industry.
. Valves are used to handle
variety of liquids , gases ,
steam, air etc.
SPECIFICATION OF VALVES-
• Flow medium
• Flow : kg/hr or Nm3/hr Max/Min/Normal
• Inlet pressure : kg/cm2 Max/Min/Normal
• Outlet pressure:kg/cm2 Max/Min/Normal
• Max. allowable diff. Pressure : kg/cm2
• Density of medium : kg/m3
• Viscosity
SPECIFICATION OF VALVES-
• Operating temperature - Deg. C
• Design Pressure / temp.
• End connection
• MOC desired
• leak Tightness required
• Actuator : Pneumatic / electrical
• Max. compressed air available : kg/cm2
• Cv :
 CATEGORY OF VALVES
• ON - OFF SERVICES :- Gate, Ball,
Diaphragm, Plug, Butterfly valves.

• THROTTLING SERVICES :- Globe,

Butterfly, Diaphragm, Pinch valves.

• NON - REVERSE FLOW :- Check valves.

GATE VALVES -
• The Gate Valves are characterized by a
sliding gate which is moved by the stem
perpendicular to the direction of flow.
• Application :- It is used for on-off
application. Suited for high temperature and
pressure use with variety of fluids. They are
not primarilly used for slurries, viscous
fluid etc.
GATE VALVES -
• ADVANTAGES : • DISADVANTAGES:
Low pressure drop Causes Vibration, seat
when fully open and disc wear in partial
tight sealing open condition. Slow
response characteristic
and require large
actuating force.
GLOBE VALVES -
• In Globe Valves disc or plug is moved on
and off the seat.The seat opening is directly
proportional to the travel of the disc.It is
short stem travel, high seating capacity,
large pressure drop & high flow
controllability.
• Application :- It is used primarily for
throttling purposes. It may be considered a
general purpose flow control valve.
Specifically very widely used for high temp.
application.
GLOBE VALVES -
• ADVANTAGES : • DISADVANTAGES:
Faster to open or Seat disc wear in
close, most reliable partial open condition.
form of seating,
throttling to control
the flow to any desired
degree, positive shut-
off
PLUG VALVES -
• It consist of body, plug and cover. The plug
is tapered or cylindrical. In the open
position, the bore in the plug connects the
inlet and outlet ends of the valve providing
straight line flow.
• Application :- The plug valves are
extensively used in refinery, petrochem and
chemical industries and for general purpose
involving on off services.
PLUG VALVES -
• ADVANTAGES : • DISADVANTAGES:
Normally small in Plug valve may be
size, require less subjected to galling.
headroom and
available in wide
range of materials.
They provide tight
shut off, quick
opening and low
pressure drop.
BALL VALVES -
• It is improvisation of the plug valve. It is
basically a ported sphere in a housing.The
seat matching the ball is circulars so that the
seating stress is circumferentially uniform.
The seats are usually made up of PTFE
which is inert to all chemicals, has low
coefficient of friction and resiliency.
• Application :- It is used for flow &
pressure control and shut off and for
corrosive fluids, slurries, normal liquid &
gases. For high temp. & pressure
BALL VALVES -
• ADVANTAGES : • DISADVANTAGES:
Low pressure drop, PTFE seats are
tight shut off, quarter subjected to extrusion
turn operation, easy to if the valve is used for
maintain, low torque. throttling. Fluid
They are small in size trapped in the ball in
and low in weight. the closed position
may cause problem of
build up of vapour
pressure & corrosion.
BUTTERFLY VALVES -
• They are rotary valves with a disc rotating
at right angles within a pipe section body.
• The stem passes through this disc and is
supported by both ends of the body.
• The shaft is ensured to the disc either by
bolts or pins. Rotating the stem through 90
degs. Fully opens or closes the valves.
• Application :- Low pressure application
where leakage is unimportant.
BUTTERFLY VALVES -
• ADVANTAGES : • DISADVANTAGES:
Simple , compact No tight shut off.
form, quick opening,
good controllability,
low pressure drop and
low weights and costs.
DIAPHRAGM VALVES -
• The flexible diaphragm is connected to a
support member known as compressor,
which represent the closure member. When
the valve is opened the diaphragm is lifted
out of the flow path and the fluid has a
smooth streamlined flow. When the valve is
closed the diaphragm is tightly seated
against the seta in the body known as the
weir. The diaphragm is of PTFE.
• Application :- Used for corrosive liquids at
low temp. and pressure.
DIAPHRAGM VALVES -
• ADVANTAGES : • DISADVANTAGES:
The diaphragm Not for high temp. and
completely keeps the pressure.
working parts in
isolation from the
process fluids. Simple
in construction, easier
to operate and
maintain.
 CONTROL VALVE -
PRINCIPAL OF OPERATION
• It is based upon balanced forces between
pneumatic force from the diaphragm against
a mechanical force produced by the actuator
spring.The control valve works with a
pneumatic signal 3 to 15 psi. The motion
starts at 3 psi and ends at 15 psi.
CONTROL VALVE- HART POSITIONER
 COMPONENT OF CONTROL
VALVE
• Actuator
• Body
• Trim
• Diaphragm
• Diaphragm plate
• Actuator stem
• Actuator spring
• Seat
 COMPONENT OF CONTROL
VALVE
• Travel Indicator
• Valve stem
• Gaskests
• Yoke
• Handwheel
TERMINOLOGY
• Flow Co-efficients (Cv) :-
The flow of water (G=1, T= 6 to 34
deg. C) through the valve at full lift in
U.S gallon per minute with a pressure
drop across the valve of 1 psi.
 CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

QUICK OPENING
FLOW %

LINEAR

EQUAL %

VALVE LIFT %
• Linear :-
Flow is directly proportional to lift.

• Equal Percentage :-
Flow changes by a constant percentage of its
instantaneous values for each unit change in lift.

• Quick Opening :-
Flow increases rapidly in a linear relationship
with plug lift reaching a max. value at a low lift.