314452 : SOFTWARE DESIGN LABORATORY

TEIT ( 2008 Course)

Semester II

Teaching scheme Examination Scheme

Lecturers: 1 Hour/Week Practical : 50 Marks

Practical: 4 Hours/Week Term Work : 50 Marks

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SINHGAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNE
2010-2011

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Assignment No. 3
Lexical Analyzer

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 Lexical Analysis

 Lexical analysis is the first stage in the compilation of a

source program written in high-level language like C or
C++.
 The lexical analyzer reads the input source program
and produces as output, a sequence of tokens that the
parser uses for syntax analysis.
 The lexical analyzer strips out the comments and white
space in the source program.

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Lexical Analysis ctd..
 Token: A token is a string of characters, categorized
according to the rules as a symbol (e.g. IDENTIFIER,
NUMBER, COMMA, etc.). A token is a substring of the
input string that represents a basic element of the
language. The process of forming tokens from an input
stream of characters is called tokenization and the lexer
categorizes them according to a symbol type. A token
can look like anything that is useful for processing an
input text stream or text file.
 Lexeme: The part of the input stream that qualifies for
a certain type of token is called as lexeme.

L3T1 4
Lexical Analysis ctd..

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Uniform Symbols
 Tokens or the basic elements identifiers and literals
are placed into Identifier table and Literal table
respectively.
 As other phases recognize the use and meaning of
the elements, further information is added into these
tables (e.g., precision, data type, length, etc).
 Uniform symbol table is created which contains of
uniform symbol.
 Uniform symbol is conversion of the source string
which contains information about the basic elements.
 Uniform symbols are of fixed size and consist of the
syntactic class and pointer to the table entry of the
associated basic element.
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Uniform Symbols ctd..
 The uniform symbol is the same length whether the
token is 1 or 31 characters long.
 Other phases of compiler deal mainly with the small
uniform symbol, but they can access any attribute of
the token by following the pointer. Figure below
depicts the uniform symbol for users.
CLASSES OF UNIFORM SYMBOLS: CLASS PTR
TRM int
IDENTIFIER (IDN)
TRM main
TERMINAL SYMBOL (TRM) (
TRM
LITERAL (LIT) )
TRM
TRM {

IDN count

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Task of Lexical Analysis Phase
The three task of lexical analysis phase are:

1. To parse the source program into the

basic elements or tokens of the language.
2. To build a literal table and an identifier
table.
3. To build a uniform symbol table.

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 Databases used in Lexical Analysis
These tasks involve manipulation of five databases.
1. Source Program- original form of program; appears to
the compiler as a string of characters.
2. Terminal Table- a permanent database that has an entry
for each terminal symbol (e.g., arithmetic operators,
keywords, symbols).
Symbol Indicator Precedence

3. Literal Table- created by lexical analysis to describe all

literals used in the source program.
Literal Base Scale Precision Other Information Address

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Databases used in Lexical Analysis ctd..
These tasks involve manipulation of five databases.
4. Identifier Table- created by lexical analysis to describe
all identifiers used in the source program.
Name Data attributes Address

5. Uniform Symbol Table- created by lexical analysis to

represent the program as a string of tokens rather
than of individual characters.
Table Index

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 Algorithm
The first task of the lexical analysis algorithm is to parse the input character
string into tokens. The second task is to make the appropriate entries
in the table. Implementation of this phase is described below:
• The input string is separated into tokens by break characters or blank
space.
 Blank space may serve as break characters but are other wise ignored.
 Break characters are permanently defined in the terminal table.
 While scanning the characters of the input string are stored in a temporary array
until they match a rule of token.
• Lexical analysis recognizes three types of tokens:
 terminal symbols, possible identifiers, and literals.
 It checks all tokens by first comparing them with the entries in the terminal table.
 Once a match is found, the token is classified s a terminal symbol and lexical analysis
creates a uniform symbol of type ‘TRM’, and inserts it in the uniform symbol table.
 If a token is not a terminal symbol, lexical analysis proceeds to classify it as a possible
identifier or literal.
 Those tokens that satisfy the lexical rules for identifiers are classified as “possible
identifiers.”
 If a token does not fit into the rule, it is an error and is flagged as such.
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 Algorithm ctd..
 After a token is classified as a “possible identifier,” the identifier table is
examined.
 If this particular token is not in the table, a new entry is made.
 At this phase only name of the identifier goes into the table, the remaining information is
discovered and inserted by later phases.
 Regardless of whether or not an entry had to be created in uniform symbol table, lexical analysis
creates a uniform symbol of type ’IDN’ and inserts it into the uniform symbol table.
 Numbers, quoted character strings, and other self-defining data are classifies as
“literals.”
 After a token has been classified as such, the literal table is examined. If the literal is not yet there,
a new entry is made.
 Regardless of whether or not an entry had to be created in uniform symbol table, lexical analysis
creates a uniform symbol of type ’LIT’ and inserts it into the uniform symbol table.
The lexical analysis makes one complete pass over the source code and produces
the entire uniform symbol table.

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Assumption for Implementation Purpose
 Source Program- Simple ‘C’ language program is take as
input. The source program is saved in text file.
 Terminal Table-
Index Symbol

 Literal Table-
Index Literal

 Identifier Table-
Index Name

 Uniform Symbol Table-

Token Class Index

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Input to Lexical Analyzer
 A simple ‘C’ language program saved in text file is given as
input to lexical analyzer program.
 Terminal table permanently saved for the use of lexical
analysis program.
 Example:
1 Index Symbol
1 int
2 int main() 2 main
3 { 3 (
4 )
4 int count; 5 for
5 for(count=0;count<10;count++)
6 =
7 ;
6 { 8 <
9 ++
7 printf(“Hello World”);
10 {
8 } 11 }
12 printf
9 } 13 “”

Terminal Table
Source program saved as text file

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Output of Lexical Analyzer
 Output of the lexical analysis program will be three tables:
1. Identifier table
2. Literal table
3. Uniform symbol table
Example:
Token Class Index
•
int TRM 1
main TRM 2
Index Name
( TRM 3
1 count ) TRM 4
{ TRM 10
int TRM 1
Identifier Table count IDN 1
; TRM 7
Index Literal for TRM 5
( TRM 3
1 0
count IDN 1
2 10 = TRM 6
3 “Hello World” 0 LIT 1
; TRM 7

Literal Table
Uniform Symbol Table
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Thank You

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