PENCEMARAN

AIR
 Air, Udara, Lahan ….

The solution to
pollution is
dilution.
 Konsep-Konsep Penting

 Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants

 Major pollution problems of surface water

 Major pollution problems of groundwater

 Reduksi dan Pencegahan Pencemaran Air

 Kualitas Air Minum
Air adalah
kehidupan
di Bumi.
 Definisi

• Impaired Waters
Section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act requires states to develop lists of
impaired waters, those that do not meet water quality standards that
states have set for them.

• Total Maximum Daily Load

The law requires that states establish priority rankings for impaired waters
and develop total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for them. A TMDL
specifies the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can
receive and still meet water quality standards.

http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/overviewfs.html
 Point Source Pollution
vs.
Nonpoint Source Pollution

What’s the difference?

Slides by Christopher C. Obropta, Rutgers University

 Sumber Pencemaran : Titik
 comes from a specific
source, like a pipe

 factories, industry,
municipal treatment
plants

 can be monitored and

controlled by a permit
system
 Sumber pencemaran: Bukan-titik

 Nonpoint Source (NPS)

Pollution is pollution
associated with
stormwater or runoff

 NPS pollution cannot be

traced to a direct
discharge point such as a
wastewater treatment
facility
 Contoh-contoh NPS

 oil & grease from cars  sewage & cleaners from

 fertilizers boats
 animal waste  household cleaning products
 grass clippings  litter
 septic systems
 Mekanisme Transpor Polutan

• NPS pollutants build up on land surfaces during dry

weather
 Atmospheric deposition
 Fertilizer applications
 Animal waste
 Automotive exhaust/fluid leaks

• Pollutants are washed off land surfaces during

precipitation events (stormwater runoff)
• Stormwater runoff will flow to lakes and streams
Pollutant build-up and wash off are
affected by land use.

 Imperviousness increases
runoff

 Land use changes impact build

up
Keterkaitan Landuse dengan Kualitas Air

More Imperviousness = More Water

 Apa itu Penutup Kedap Air?

 roads, rooftops, parking lots, and other hard surfaces

that do not allow stormwater to soak into the ground

 “predominant American vegetation”

Penutup kedap air

• provides a surface
for accumulation of
pollutants

• leads to increased
polluted runoff and
flooding

• inhibits recharge of
groundwater
 Dampak pencemaran Sumber Bukan-titik

 fish and wildlife

 recreational
water activities
 commercial
fishing
 tourism
 drinking water
quality
 Polutan dalam Runoff
Sediment Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Soil particles ● Oxygen depleting material
transported from Leaves
their source Organic material
Toxics
Nutrients
● Pesticides
● Various types of materials that
 Herbicides
become dissolved and suspended in
 Fungicides
water (commonly found in fertilizer
 Insecticides
and plant material):
● Metals (naturally occurring
 Nitrogen (N)
in soil, automotive emissions/
 Phosphorus (P)
tires)
 Lead
 Zinc
 Mercury Bacteria/ Pathogens Thermal Stress
● Petroleum Hydrocarbons Originating from: Heated runoff,
(automotive exhaust and ● Pets removal of
fuel/oil) streamside
● Waterfowl vegetation
Debris ● Failing septic systems
Litter and illegal dumping
Sumber Polutan di Kawasan Permukiman

 Nutrients: Fertilizers and

septic systems
 Pathogens: Pet waste and
septic systems
 Sediment: Construction,
road sand, soil erosion
 Toxic: Pesticides, household
products
 Debris: Litter and illegal
dumping
 Thermal: heated runoff,
removal of streamside
vegetation
Polutan dari pertanian

Sediment
Nutrients
Pathogens
Pesticides
 Polutan Penting

 Sediment reduces light penetration in

stream, clogs gills of fish and aquatic
invertebrates.
 Nutrients act as fertilizer for algae &
aquatic plants which can cause highly
varying dissolved oxygen levels. At low
DO levels, the aquatic life has the
potential to be harmed.
 Toxics can impact life and contaminate
drinking water supplies.
 Bacteria/Pathogens are an indicator of
possible viruses present in the system.
 Apa Pencemaran Air?

Any chemical,
biological, or
physical change in
water quality that has
a harmful effect on
living organisms or
makes water
unsuitable for desired
usage.
Apa pencemaran air?
WHO:
• 3.4 million premature
deaths each year from
waterborne diseases
• 1.9 million from
diarrhea
• U.S. 1.5 million
illnesses
• 1993 Milwaukee
370,000 sick
 Apa pencemaran air?

Infectious Agents: bacteria and viruses often

from animal wastes
Oxygen Demanding Wastes: organic waste that
needs oxygen often from animal waste, paper
mills and food processing.
Inorganic Chemicals: Acids and toxic chemicals
often from runoff, industries and household
cleaners
 Apa pencemaran air?

Organic Chemicals: oil, gasoline, plastics, detergents

often from surface runoff, industries and cleaners
Plant Nutrients: water soluble nitrates, ammonia and
phosphates often from sewage, agriculture and urban
fertilizers
Sediment: soils and silts from land erosion can disrupt
photosynthesis, destroy spawning grounds, clog
rivers and streams
Heat Pollution and Radioactivity: mostly from
powerplants
 Bagaimana Kualitas Air?

Bacterial Counts: Fecal

coliform counts from
intestines of animals
• None per 100 ml for
drinking
• >200 per 100 ml for
swimming
Sources: human sewage,
animals, birds,
raccoons, etc.
Bagaimana mengukur kualitas air?

Dissolved Oxygen: BOD

Biological Oxygen
Demand…the amount of
oxygen consumed by aquatic
decomposers
Chemical Analysis: looking for
presence of inorganic or
organic chemicals
Suspended Sediment water
clarity
 Bagaimana mengukur Kualitas air?

Indicator Species:
organisms that give an
idea of the health of the
water body.
• Mussels, oysters and
clams filter water
 Tipe, Efek dan Sumber Pencemaran Air

Point sources

Nonpoint sources

Water quality
Sumber Pencemaran: Titik dan Bukan-Titik
NONPOINT SOURCES

Rural homes

Urban streets Cropland

Animal feedlot

Suburban POINT
development SOURCES
Factory

Wastewater
treatment
plant
Sumber Pencemaran Air
Agriculture: by far the
leader
• Sediment, fertilizers,
bacteria from livestock,
food processing, salt
from soil irrigation
Industrial: factories and
powerplants
Mining: surface mining
toxics, acids, sediment
 Pencemaran Air Sungai
Flowing streams can recover from
moderate level of degradable
water pollution if their flows are
not reduced.

• Natural biodegradation process

• Does not work if overloaded or
stream flow reduced
• Does not work against non
biodegradable pollutants
 Pencemaran Sungai
 Kurva Kantong oksigen  Faktor yang mempengaruhi recovery

Faktor apa yang mempengaruhi kurva kantong oksigen?

 Dua Dunia
Developed Countries
U.S. and other developed
countries sharply reduced
point sources even with
population and economic
growth
• Nonpoint still a problem
• Toxic chemicals still problem
• Success Cuyahoga River,
Thames River
Dua Dunia

Developing Countries:
Serious and growing problem
• Half of world’s 500 major
rivers heavily polluted
• Sewage treatment minimal
$$$
• Law enforcement difficult
• 10% of sewage in China
treated
• Economic growth with
little $$$ to clean up
 Sungai Gangga India
• Holy River (1 million take
daily holy dip)
• 350 million (1/3rd of pop) live
in watershed
• Little sewage treatment
• Used for bathing, drinking
etc.
• Bodies (cremated or not)
thrown in river
• Good news is the Indian
government is beginning to
work on problem
 Pencemaran Danau Air Tawar
Dilution as a solution in lakes
less effective
• Little vertical mixing
• Little water flow (flushing)
Makes them more vulnerable
• Toxins settle
• Kill bottom life
• Atmospheric deposition
• Food chain disruptions
Biomagnifications
of PCBs in an
aquatic food chain
from the Great
Lakes.
Eutrofikasi Danau

Eutrophication: nutrient
enrichment of lakes
mostly from runoff of
plant nutrients (nitrates
and phosphates)
• During hot dry weather can lead
to algae blooms
• Decrease of photosynthesis
• Dying algae then drops DO
levels
• Fish kills, bad odor
 Pencemaran Danau
Eutrofikasi
 Eutrofikasi Danau
Penyelesaian masalah:
• Advanced sewage
treatment (N, P)
• Household detergents
• Soil conservation
• Remove excess weed
build up
• Pump in oxygen or
freshwater
Studi Kasus: The Great Lakes
•Pollution levels
dropped, but long
way to go
•95% of U.S.
freshwater
•30% Canadian
pop, 14% U.S.
•38 million drink
•1% flow out St.
Lawrence
•Toxic fish
 AIR TANAH = Groundwater

• Why is groundwater pollution a serious

problem?
• What is the extent of the problem?
• What are the solutions?
 Groundwater
Groundwater DAPAT
TERKONTAMINASI:

• No way to cleanse itself

• Little dilution and
dispersion
• Out of sight pollution
• Prime source for irrigation
and drinking
• REMOVAL of pollutant
difficult
 Pencemaran Groundwater

 Low flow rates  Few bacteria

 Low oxygen  Cold temperatures

Hazardous waste injection well

Pesticides
Coal strip
De-icing Buried gasoline
mine runoff
road salt and solvent tank
Pumping Cesspool
well Gasoline septic tank
station
Waste lagoon Water pumping Sewer
well Landfill

Accidental Leakage from faulty

spills casing

Discharge

Confined aquifer

Groundwater
flow
Aliran air bawah tanah
 Groundwater
• Pollution moves in
plumes
• Soil, rocks, etc. act like
sponge
• Cleansing does not
work (low O, low flow,
cold)
• Nondegradables may
be permanent
Pencegahan
lebih efektif
dan murah
 Pencegahan Pencemaran Groundwater

 Monitor aquifers

 Find less hazardous substitutes

 Leak detection systems

 Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal

 Store hazardous materials above ground

 Pencemaran Laut

• Toleransi pencemaran laut

• Coastal zones: How does pollution affect
coastal zones?
• What are major sources of ocean
pollution and what is being done?
• Tumpahan Minyak
 Pencemaran Laut
Oceans can disperse and
break down large
quantities of degradable
pollution if they are not
overloaded.
• Pollution worst near heavily
populated coastal zones
• Wetlands, estuaries, coral
reefs, mangrove swamps
• 40% of world’s pop. Live
within 62 miles of coast
Mangrove Swamp
Estuaries
Pencemaran Laut

• Large amounts of
untreated raw sewage
(viruses)
• Leaking septic tanks
• Runoff
• Algae blooms from
nutrients
• Dead zones NO DO
• Airborne toxins
• Oil spills
Pencemaran Laut
 Preventing and
reducing the
flow of pollution
from land and
from streams
emptying into
the ocean is key
to protecting
oceans
 TUMPAHAN MINYAK
 Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage
tanks

 Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal insulation

and buoyancy, smothering

 Significant economic impacts

 Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and blotters

 Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and dispersing
agents
 Pencegahan dan Reduksi

• How can we reduce surface water

pollution: point and also nonpoint.
• How do sewage treatment plants work?
• How successful has the U.S. been at
reducing water pollution? Clean Water
Act
 Penyelesiaan: Mencegah dan Mereduksi
Pencemaran Air Permukaan

Nonpoint Sources Point Sources

Reduce runoff
Clean Water Act
Buffer zone
vegetation Water Quality Act
Reduce soil erosion
 Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as needed
Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint

Reduksi Runoff
Sumber Pencemaran Nonpoint

Zone Penyangga sekitar

sungai
 Sumber pencemaran Nonpoint

Prevent soil erosion and only apply

needed pesticides and fertilizers
 Sumber Pencemaran: Titik
Most developed countries
use laws to set water
pollution standards.
Federal Water Pollution
Control Act (Clean Water
Act 1972, ’77, ’87)
• Regulates navigable
waterways..streams,
wetlands, rivers, lake
 Peraturan Air Bersih
• Sets standards for key
pollutants
• Requires permits for
discharge
• Requires sewage treatment
• Require permits for
wetland destruction
• Does not deal with
nonpoint sources well
• Goal All Waterways
fishable and swimable
 Teknologi: Sistem Septic

Memerlukan tanah dan perawatan

•¼ of all U.S. homes
have Septic tanks
•Can be used in
parking lots, business
parks, etc.
Combined sewer
overflow is a
problem in many
older towns
•EPA: 1.8 M to
3.85 M sick from
swimming in
water
contaminated by
sewer overflows
•EPA: $100 billion
to fix
 Pendekatan Teknologi: Pengolahan Air
Limbah

 Pengolahan Secara Fisik dan Biologis

Primary: removes 60% of
solids and 30-40% oxygen
demanding wastes
(physically)
Secondary: uses biological
processes to remove up to
90% of biodegradables
Tertiary: advanced
techniques only used in 5%
of U.S. $$$$
Disinfection: chlorine,
ozone, UV
What is not taken out???
Technological Approach: Advanced
(Tertiary) Sewage Treatment

Uses physical and chemical processes

Removes nitrate and phosphate
Expensive
Not widely used
Sludge disposal…using as fertilizer
Technological Approach: Using
Wetlands to Treat Sewage

Fig. 22-18 p. 513

Berita Baik
Largely thanks to CWA:
• Between 1972 – 2002
fishable and swimmable
streams 36% to 60%
• 74% served by sewage
treatment
• Wetlands loss dropped by
80%
• Topsoil losses dropped by
1 billion tons annually
 Khabar Buruk

• 45% of Lakes, 40% streams

still not fishable and
swimmable
• Nonpoint sources still huge
problem
• Livestock and Ag. Runoff
• Ikan dengan Racun
 Solusi
Pencemaran Air
 Air Bersih / Minum
• How is drinking water purified? High tech
way.
• How can we purify drinking water in
developing nations?
• What is the Safe Drinking Water Act?
• Is bottled water a good answer or an expensive
rip-off?
 Kualitas Air Minum

 Purification of urban drinking water

 Protection from terrorism

 Purification of rural drinking water

 Safe Drinking Water Act

 Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)

 Air Minum Botolan

 Purifikasi Air Bersih Perkotaan

Surface Water: (like

Delaware River)
• Removed to reservoir to
improve clarity
• Pumped to a treatment
plant to meet drinking
water standards
Groundwater: often does not
need much treatment
Purifikasi Air Bersih Pedesaan

There can be simple ways

to purify water:

• Exposing to heat and UV

rays
• Fine cloths to filter water
• Add small amounts of
chlorine
 Hemat Air Bersih
• 54 countries have
drinking water laws

SDWA passed 1974

requires EPA to set
drinking water
standards

Maximum Contaminating
Levels (MCLs)
Hemat Air Bersih
• Privately owned wells
exempt from SDWA

SDWA requires public

notification of failing to
meet standards and fine.

MCLs often stated in

parts per million or
parts per billion
Bottle Water
U.S. has the world’s
safest tap water due to
billions of $$$ of
investment
Bottle water 240 to
10,000 times more
expensive than tap
water
25% of bottle water is tap
water
Air Botolan
1.4 million metric tons of
bottle thrown away each
year
Toxic fumes released during
bottling
Bottles made from oil based
plastics

Water does not need to meet

SDWA