Ekohidrologi sebagai Alat

Pengelolaan DAS Terpadu

Hidayat Pawitan, Ph.D. In Engineering
FMIPA IPB, Bogor 16680
hpawitan@gmail.com
Outline presentasi:
Pertama-tama menyajikan:
 Pendahuluan dan latar belakang
 The water resources problems
 Sumber daya DAS & Lingkungan hidup
Indonesia
 The major threats to water resources and
the environment
 EH sebagai alat pengelolaan DAS terpadu
 Kata Penutup
Pendahuluan dan latar belakang
Ironi bagi Indonesia yang memiliki keanekaragaman hayati dan sumber daya air
berlimpah namun tidak terbebas dari kendala dan krisis air dan lingkungan
hidup;
Akar permasalahan berupa lonjakkan penduduk Indonesia telah disadari
sejak sensus penduduk pertama yang dilakukan tahun 1930 dan akibat
langsungnya juga diketahui, yaitu berupa perubahan penggunaan lahan,
pencemaran dan degradasi sumber daya alam dan lingkungan, serta
ancaman ketahanan pangan dan kelaparan;
Tantangan permasalahan sumber daya air dan lingkungan hidup di Indonesia ini
dirasakan semakin meningkat, tidak hanya sebagai akibat degradasi sumber
daya, namun juga akibat penurunan kapasitas jasa lingkungan dari sumber
daya alam, yang memerlukan solusi cerdas seperti yang ditawarkan
dengan konsep ekohidrologi sebagai alat pengelolaan DAS
terpadu
 Some Backgrounds
 Before the turn of the 20th century there had been little research
on the Eco-hydrological problems in Indonesia, however with
increasing deforestation, land use changes and environmental
degradation, and their negative impacts, investigations were
carried out on some water bodies and river basins;
 Recent conditions of Java hydrology and water resources were
characterized by occurrences of extreme floods and droughts with
high pollutant contents in water bodies.
 Water crisis is anticipated as real threat to satisfy the
increasing water demands, especially for urban areas,
that require good management strategy to overcome it.
A thirsty world
 Results from integrated assessments indicate rapid and significant increases
in water demand from all economic sectors. Competing demands will pose
increasingly difficult allocation problems and limit the expansion of key
sectors, in particular food and agriculture;
 Two thirds of world population living under water stress;
 Global deterioration of urban air pollution, but fewer deaths from indoor
air pollution and Accelerated increase in GHG emissions and global
warming;

 Fewer forests, more land for agriculture until 2030,

then reversed the trends;
 Unabated loss of biodiversity and collapse of ocean fisheries;
 Human interference with phosphorus and nitrogen cycles well beyond safe
thresholds.
The water resources problems

 Change of land use and land covers:

degradation of forest land
 Water pollutions and environmental
qualities
 Decrease in water resources availability
 The lake basin management challenges
 Vicious circle of eutrophication as threat
to lake water resources degradation
Recent condition of Indonesia Forest Resources
(interpretation from landsat images):

Degraded forest land is 59,62 million ha.

Deforestation rate is 1,09 million ha /annum (2000-
2006).
Degradation was severe and un-controllable
especially during reformation/autonomous era, as
permit was not acknowledged, illegal logging, forest
encroachment and conversion to other uses
(Source: Ministry of Forestry, 2008)
LAND USE AND COVER CHANGES
• Anthropogenic influences: in the past century
land use changes from forest cover to agricultural
uses, but in the last few decades land use
conversion in Java is from agricultural to non-
agricultural uses
• Population pressure with intensive agriculture and
rapid recent industrial development implied
extensive land use changes (land conversion) and
increased water demand, water quality
deterioration, and suspected to cause long term
changes, in addition to global climatic change.
Landslides and mud flows
Table . Watershed management Units with Critical Lands in Indonesia
Island Group No. of No. of Sub Total Area
Watershed WMUs (Ha)
Management
Units (WMU)
Sumatra 10 25 17,130,157
Java and Bali 14 49 8,949,262
Nusa Tenggara 3 6 3,104,700
Kalimantan 4 6 10,482,455
Sulawesi 6 13 4,597,725
Maluku and Irian 2 5 6,994,730
Jaya
Total Indonesia 39 104 51,259,029
Sedimentation and weeds/water
hyacynths problems at Toba lake
Water overturn/upwelling causes
fishes death at fish ponds (KJA)
Lake Basin Management challenges
Fish deaths
1997 : 950 ton
2009 : 13.413 ton
(Rp. 150 M)
Natural hazards
Earthquakes and
landslides

Conflict of interests
- spatial planning
- water quality
issues
VICIOUS CIRCLE OF EUTROPHICATION (Lehmusluoto, 2009)

 The uncontrolled external nutrient

load exceeds the tolerance limit of
a lake becomes eutrophic (left)

 As a consequence of the high

external nutrient load, oxygen
reserves are used up in the deep
water and phophorus release from
Modified from Water-Eco Ltd. (2000) the bottom sediment starts

 The vicious circle of eutrophication

has developed.

There are various mechanisms to

manage and control eutrophication
but the improvements are costly
and temporary. Knowledge-based
precautionary practices is the best
management modality.
Vicious circle of poverty (Lingkaran setan
kemiskinan)

Low System
Productivity

Environmental
Low Income
Degradation
Food Insecurity

Limited Cash
Cropping

Desperation Drives Use

of Unsustainable
Agricultural Practices
 Sumber daya DAS & Lingkungan hidup
Indonesia:
 Land resources: 1,91 Mkm with 17 000 islands (1,3% of world’s land
2

surface) that contains 10% of world’s plant species, 12 % of mammal species, 16 % of

reptiles and amphibians, and 17% of bird species; land use and cover changes
 Water resources: components of runoff cycles
 Forest resources: 144 Mha (~74%) with 109 Mha forest cover; 18,8
Mha conservation forest; 30,3 Mha protection forest; 64,4 Mha prod
forest; 30,5 Mha conversion forest; Deforestation rate: 0,3 Mha/yr in
1970’s to 3,8 Mha/yr in 2000, but about 1.0 Mha/yr at present
 Environmental resources: air, water, wetlands, wildlife,
esthetics, as well as toxic & hazardous wastes. Some consequences:
increase GHG, global warming, sea level rise
 Knowledge resources: Science and Technology, including
local/traditional wisdoms
Sumber daya daerah aliran sungai Indonesia: 133 satuan wilayah sungai
 Gambar 1. Pola iklim hujan di Indonesia

ACE H

600
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60 0 M E NA DO
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Khatulistiwa

P ADANG

600
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TIM IK A
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
T ELUK BET UNG 60 0
50 0
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BA NYU W A NG I
10 0
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Water availability in Indonesia by major islands

Area Surface Runoff Groundwater flow Total Water Available

Rainfall
Island [103
[mm/yr]
km2] [mm/yr] [m3/s] [mm/yr] [m3/s] [mm/yr] [m3/s]

Sumatra 477.4 2801 1848 27 962 280 4 236 2 128 32 198

Java 121.3 2555 1658 6 378 255 982 1 915 7 360

Bali & NT 87.9 1695 997 2 779 170 472 1 167 3 251

Kalimantan 534.8 2956 1968 33 359 296 5 010 2 264 28 369

Sulawesi 190.4 2156 1352 8 157 216 1 301 1 564 9 458

Maluku 85.4 2218 1400 3 785 222 600 1 621 4 385

W.Papua 413.9 3224 2175 28 524 322 4 229 2 497 32 754

Indonesia 1911.1 2779 1832 110 944 278 16 831 2 110 127 775
Total air tersedia Indonesia:

6
 127.775 m3/s= 4.032.266 10 m3/tahun
~ 10% total global discharge

~ 15.000 m3/tahun/capita


Levels of water utilization for some
major rivers in Indonesia
Potential of surface
Water being utilized Left
water
over
River
water
(Billion (Million (%)
(m3/s) (%)
m3/year) m3/year)
Cimanuk 3.19 101 942 29 71
Cisadane 4.30 630 15 80
(Irrigation & 5
Domestic)
Jratunseluna 12.40 394 2528 20 80
(Irrigation)
Bengawan 9.87 313 1511 16 84
Solo (Irrigation and
Domestic)
Musi-South 100.58 3190 2071 2 98
Sumatra (Irrigation and
Domestic)
Source: Min.PW (2005)
The major threats to water resources
and the environment

Pollution and Degradation of evolutionary

overexploitation of developed biogeochemical cycles,
natural resources energy flow and water circulation
Ekohidrologi sebagai alat pengelolaan DAS terpadu

 Population pressure, especially in Java island and other

developing areas in Indonesia
 degraded natural resources, sea level rise and
increased extreme weather events
 increased pollution and exposure to water- and vector-
borne diseases
 decreasing water availability and quality
 Natural resources management issues. Local
government regulations tend to exploit
natural resources, without considering
carrying capacity and good management
practices => needs ways to overcome the issues!
LIFE08 ENV/PL/000517
Ecohydrology From Theory to
www.arturowek.pl
Practice

low cost and high effectiveness solution:

(non-invasive, not disturbing the landscape,
sub-surface)
Source: Zalewski
FOUR TYPES OF RESPONSES
OF BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS’ DYNAMICS
to catchment scale processes regulation River basin
response
threshold response
of ecosystem to
impact 2-dimensions of
ecohydrological
restoration socioeconomy
ecosystem services
enhancement of
water quality

ecosystem absorbing capacity

biodiversity

response to
restoration
(Schafer, 1993) reduction
of impact

Impact (nutrients)

Zalewski 2011 The concept of EH sustainability threshold

European Regional Centre for Ecohydrology UNESCO / Lodz, Poland
The key publications which provides background for formulation Ecohydrology Theory
Climate-Water-Landcover
The use of biota to control hydrology and hydrology
(Rodrigues-Iturbe, 2000
to control biota in basin scale (Zalewski et al., 1997)
Vorosmarty & Meybeck, 1999)
Regulation and integration of ecological /hydrological interplay in
river basin to enhance its carrying capacity (Zalewski, 2000)
Water-plant-soil interactions
(Baird & Wilby, 1999)
Ecohydraulics – biota dependence on
water current (Leclerc et al. 1996, Janauer 1998 )
Four dimensional nature of
Constructed wetlands & mathematical modelling ecosystem
Ecological engineering (Ward, 1989)
(Mitsch, 1993; Jorgensen, 1996
Hydrodynamics as a forcing function Role of land/water ecotones
into phytoplankton dynamics in reservoirs (Naiman & Decamps, 1990;Schiemer,
(Straskraba & Tundisi, 1999) Zalewski & Thorpe, 1995)

Eutrophication process Control of symptoms of eutrophication

(Harper, 1989) by regulation of trophic cascade
using hydrology (Zalewski et al., 1990)

Coastal zone ( Wolanski, 2003;

Chicharo et al., 2001)

(Zalewski 2011)
 Delivering Ecohydrology
Under IHP-VIII Unesco

EVOLUTION OF RELATIONS BETWEEN MAN AND ENVIRONMENT

 Ecohydrology -
from multi to transdisciplinary stage

Advanced science
Transdisciplinary
Stakeholder
needs

Ecol Hydr
Interdisciplinary EconEng

Ecol Hydr
Multidisciplinary
Ecol Hydr Dual
regulation
Ecol Geo Econ

1990 1995 1997 2008 Years;

2002 - 2004
Events

(Zalewski 2011)
River Continuum Concept: Vannote et al. 1980
Connections from upstream
to downstream habitats
control flow of energy and
carbon in fluvial ecosystems,
as well as the species of
aquatic organisms

Theme: the importance of light

availability in controlling in situ
production (e.g. P/R)
 Integrated Water Resources Management
(IWRM)
 Integrated water resources management (IWRM) is a step-by-step
process of managing water resources in a harmonious and
environmentally sustainable manner by gradually uniting stakeholders
while accounting for changing social demands due to such changes as
population growth, rising demand for environmental conservation, changes
in sense of water value, and climate change.

 It is an open-ended process that evolves in a spiral manner over

time as once moves towards more coordinated water resources
management.

IWRM is a “process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land
and related resources in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an
equitable manner, without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems.” (GWP, 2000)
 Engaging Stakeholders
Environmental Conservation
Hydropower

+10 Industrial
Irrigation

Flood Management
Domestic
Coordinating each
sector

Priority
Cost (Cost Sharing)
Financial Support
Consensus Benefit
Environment
Water Manager Social Impact
 Practical Application of IWRM
UNESCO has developed the IWRM
Guidelines at River Basin Level to
help translate the complex IWRM
principles into their practical
application.

A vital feature of these guidelines is

the IWRM spiral model which shows
the IWRM process as a positive
upward spiral that evolves and
continues to adapt to changing
conditions. The guidelines are used
as reference material in IWRM training
courses, and are applied by several
countries.
 Some Examples of projects
Study on the implementation of Ecohydrology
approach and avoided deforestation in Peatland
Rewetting and Conservation in Ex-Mega Rice
Project location: Cases on food crops areas and on oil
palm plantations areas

Advanced Development of Ecohydrology

Demonstration Site in the Saguling Reservoir, the
Upper Citarum River basin: Improvements of Water
Quality and Quantity using Ecohydrological Approach
and Local Community-based Participation

Sustainable water management in Yogyakarta City

and Borobudur surrounding Areas

Water Security In Medan City

Ilustrasi implementasi pendekatan
ekohidrologi di semiarid region
Spain, Donana
Effect of ground water level decline and restoration on ecosystem structure and productivity
(Spain, Donana )
November 2000 December 2001

October 2002 November 2003

Prof. I. Llamas
N-NO3- concentration (N) in groundwater at the field (F) and at the pine forest (P).

100
90 average= 52.4 mg/l
80
Cv = 36%
N [mg na litr]
70
60
F
50
40
30 average= 2.7 mg/l
20
10
P Cv = 27%

0
1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36
Decade dekady
Numer porzadkowy
(A. Kędziora)
 Kata Penutup

1. Pendekatan ekohidrologi sebagai alat pengelolaan DAS

terpadu menyediakan solusi permasalahan sumber daya
air di Indonesia yang mengintegrasikan aspek biota dan
regime aliran yang mengendalikan dan meningkatkan jasa
lingkungan hidup.
Formulation of the vision
of sustainable water ecosystem and societies using
foresight methodology
Technological Foresight is the system approach for
evaluation of new trends on the basis of knowledge of
environmental, sociological processes and
technologies from the point of view economy, quality
of life and sustainable development.

Technological Foresight has 3 main goals:

1. FORECAST OF FUTURE – enable of undertaking the

adaptive attempts, preparation for unpredictable
events, reduction of negative consequences of events
that can not be changed

2. MANAGEMENT OF FUTURE – means the proactive

(management of probable crisis) and positive
(management by goals)

3. CREATION OF FUTURE – means mainly the proactive

creation of needed vision of future
Terima Kasih