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HABITAT ALTERATION AND

DEGRADATION
Dr. Eko Setyobudi, S.Pi., M.Si.
Candra Aryudiawan, S.Pi., M.Si
Tim Dosen MSA.
Introduction

 Habitat : the place or environment where a plant

or animal naturally or normally lives and grows
 Three main types of aquatic habitats: freshwater,
marine, and brackish
 Organisms  specific habitat  habitat
preference
 Natural and human activities  habitat
(environmental) alteration/degradation
Habitat Alteration (Perubahan Habitat)
 The act or process of altering, the result of changing or altering
something
 Habitat alteration: changes made to the environment that adversely
affect ecosystem function, although not perhaps completely or
permanently (Dodd and Smith 2003).
 Habitat alteration  a change in the particular environment or place
where organisms or species tend to live.
 Habitat alteration includes many other issues such as pollution,
invasive species, overfishing, and aquaculture.
Habitat Destruction
 The state or fact of being destroyed
 (also termed habitat loss and habitat reduction): the process by which
a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species.
 Conditions necessary for plants and animals to survive are
significantly eliminated
 The organisms that previously inhabited the site are displaced or die,
thereby reducing biodiversity and species abundance.
Freshwater Fish and Ecosystem
 Fresh waters in lakes, ponds, rivers, estuaries and wetlands  only
0·3% of available global surface water yet support 47–53% (> 15 000)
of all fish species.
 Freshwater fishes may now be the most threatened group of
vertebrates, based on more than 5,000 species assessed, to date, by
the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature & Natural
Resources (Reid et al., 2013).
 Major threats to freshwater fishes and other freshwater biodiversity,
include: habitat modification, fragmentation, and destruction;
invasive species; overfishing; environmental pollution; forestry
practice; and climate change.
 Reservoir/manmade lake
 Dam : barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or
underground streams.
 Check dam (SABO): small, sometimes temporary, dam constructed
across a swale (sengkedan), drainage ditch, or waterway to
counteract erosion by reducing water flow velocity
Dam /Bendungan/Waduk
 Dam: barrier that stops or restricts the flow of water or underground streams
 Dam construction is an important engineering measure in dealing with the
relationship between water and human being
 Dams economic benefits and social benefits: preventing flood and reducing
the disaster, adjusting the water quantity, irrigating and generating electricity
 Effects of dam construction to the river ecosystem, physical changes and their
biological consequences
 Physical changes : river and floodplain hydrology, sediment movement and
channel structure
 Biological consequences: virtually all aquatic and floodplain biota, either through
direct physical influence or because of indirect effects on biological interactions
and food-web processes
 Dam acts as a barrier between the upstream and down- stream
habitat of migratory river animals
 Dams block their migration upstream to spawning areas,
threatening to decrease reproduction numbers and reduce the
species population. In light of this consequence, efforts have
been made to allow the fish a passage upstream, and newer
dams often use artificial “fish ways” or “fish ladders”
 Permanent inundation caused by reservoir flooding also alters
the wetlands, forests and other habitats surrounding the river.
Fishway/Fish ladder
 Saluran yang direncanakan untuk mempermudah ikan melewati konstruksi
melintang sungai yang dibuat manusia
 Membantu ikan melewati pintu bendung yang sangat tinggi, ikan-ikan yang
melakukan migrasi baik dari hulu ke hilir dan dari hilir ke hulu
Forestry & agricultural practice
 Forestry  potential effects of on aquatic ecosystems
 Without effective management and precautions, logging
operations can have significant negative impacts on aquatic
ecosystems
 Changes to stream hydrology
 Changes to water quality
 Changes to in-stream habitat

 Agriculture  fertilizer  eutrophication

Eutrophication
 Eutrophication  characterized by excessive plant and algal growth
due to the increased availability of one or more limiting growth
factors needed for photosynthesis (Schindler 2006) sunlight, carbon
dioxide, and nutrient fertilizers
 Human activities accelerated the rate and extent of eutrophication
through both point-source discharges and non-point loadings of
limiting nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, into aquatic
ecosystems  consequences: drinking water sources, fisheries, and
recreational water bodies (Carpenter et al. 1998)
Causes of eutrophication:
 Concentrated animal feeding operations a large amount of nutrients which find
their way into rivers, lakes, streams and eventually oceans
 Aquaculture : the food particles and fish excretion  increase the levels of
phosphorous and nitrogen
 Sewage discharge: people discharge sewage water directly into water bodies like lakes,
rivers and water bodies  high amounts of chemical nutrients stimulate the abundant
growth of algal blooms  threaten the survival of aquatic life in numerous ways
 Fertilizer: eutrophication boosts due to human activities and the dependence on using
phosphate and nitrate fertilizers
 triggering cyanobacterial and algal blooms, microscopic floating plants  (die) 
microbial decomposition severely depletes dissolved oxygen, creating a hypoxic or
anoxic ‘dead zone' lacking sufficient oxygen to support most organisms
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/wp-content/uploads/ https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/eutrophication-
2017/01/eutrophication-hypoxia.jpg causes-consequences-and-controls-in-aquatic-102364466/
Marine Habitat
 70% ocean, where 94% of our species live
 30-35% of critical marine habitats such as seagrasses, mangroves and
coral reef are estimated to have been destroyed
 Up to 13% of global fisheries have ‘collapsed’ due to overexploitation of
fish stock
 Marine environment  a recent study shows that 40 % of the world's
oceans are severely affected by human activities (WWF, 2008)
Causes of Marine Habitat Destruction
 Coastal area development
 Unsustainable fishing practices
 Eutrophication
 Shipping
 Inadequate protection
Coastal area development
 Coastal areas  considered prime locations for both living and going on
holidays as well as economic activity.
 Housing, recreational venues, marinas, aquaculture, industry  coastal
areas have been in many cases “over-developed” to the detriment of
local ecosystems and habitats.
 Offshore developments, such as oil and gas exploration and drilling, are
another reason for habitat destruction.
 More than half of the Mediterranean coastline is now urbanized with
infrastructure that is a major cause of habitat loss (WWF)
 The urbanization of coastal areas and introduction of man-made
structures, such as jetties, floating dock and seawalls changing
marine environments.
 The different types of man-made infrastructure tend to provide
more vertical habitats and are often made from artificial material
(concrete or metal)  change the physical properties of the habitat,
with important consequences for both immobile and mobile species.
 Man-made structures on coastal areas that are exposed to waves
often provide unnatural sheltered habitats encourage species that
might not normally flourish to take over the habitat and so
reduce the diversity of species.
Unsustainable fishing practices
 Destructive fishing (e.g dredging, bottom trawling, shrimp farming, dynamiting,
poisoning)
 Unsustainable fishing practices  leading to a depletion of the global fish stock.
 European Environment Agency  Europe’s commercial fish stocks  30 % fished
beyond safe biological limits, 70 % fished above MSY (2010).
 Fishing techniques such as bottom trawling  create further damage of the seabed
and its habitats.
 Bottom trawling  a large net with heavy weights is dragged across the bottom of the
sea catching everything it encounters with many things mistakenly caught and then
discarded such as endangered fish or vulnerable deep-sea corals, can amount up to
90% of a trawl’s total catch
 The bottom trawl  due to its size and weight, can destroy seafloor habitats that
provide aquatic species with sources of nutrition and shelter.
Destructive fishing
 Display and destroy habitats (coral reefs)
 Eliminating food
 Shelter and breeding ground
 Decreasing primary production
 Sedimentation
 Lost commercially and recreationally marine species
 Reduce biodiversity and productivity
Europe bans deep-sea bottom trawling, at long, long last!
Eutrophication
 Eutrophication  fertilizers are washed off from the land and find their
way into our marine environment.
 The presence of fertilizer increases the content of nitrate and
phosphate in the water, accelerates the development of algae which
prevents the sun from reaching other water plants, other plants 
unable to grow, die, perish
 Leads to a lack of oxygen  unable to life (marine dead zones).
 This phenomenon of marine dead zones was first noted in the 1970’s
with one of the largest zones being the Gulf of Mexico.
Marine dead zones
 Direct result of toxins and pollution in the
water, these zones are areas in the ocean
that are no longer able to support life
 Zones that are devoid of life are most
often caused by pollution from human
industry
 Marine dead zones are generally caused
by an increase in nitrogen and
phosphorous in the water
Shipping
 Around 90% of world trade being conducted via shipping  reasonable to
suspect that it is also a major cause of marine habitat destruction.
 Shipping  impacts aquatic environment in several ways, busy shipping
lanes and ports  increase the habitat destruction
 Ships  pollute the marine environment and cause disturbances of those
ecosystems by releasing into the water biocides, used in antifouling paints
applied to the exterior of ships and through the discharge of garbage and
sewage into the sea.
 Further damage is caused through the dropping of anchors, noise and wave
disturbances, and striking of whales and other marine mammals
 Oil spilling
Inadequate protection
 Marine habitats continue to be destroyed  not legislated to protect them.
 Only 3.4% of the world’s oceans have been designated as protected –
compared to almost 16% of our planet’s land area.
 The percentage drops further when one takes into account that most
protected areas suffer from little or no management, almost all are open to
tourism and recreation, and 90% are open to fishing activities
 Brings together the best available information on marine protection
around the world, so that the marine conservation community can
work together to protect at least 30% of the world's oceans by 2030
 Marine protected areas are essential for safeguarding biodiversity
and the health of marine ecosystems.
 Provide sanctuary for species to mature, reproduce, and help
restore healthy populations within and beyond their borders.
 Marine protected areas  build resilience against threats such as
climate change and pollution by maintaining vital natural
processes, storing carbon, and buffering coastlines as well as
ensuring sustainable food supplies for coastal communities.
Climate change
 Climate change is the long-term alteration of temperature and
typical weather patterns in a place.
 Climate change could refer to a particular location or the planet as a
whole. Climate change may cause weather patterns to be less
predictable.
 The cause of current climate change is largely human activity,
like burning fossil fuels, like natural gas, oil, and coal.
 Climate change effect
 Changes in abiotics:
­ Sea temperature
­ Oxygen levels
­ Salinity
­ Acidity
 Changes in biotic condition:
­ Primary production
­ Food webs
 Sea level rise
 Temperature increased
 Disturbing fish’s life cycle
 Decreased productivity and biodiversity
 Marine heat waves and changes in the
intensity and the frequency of extreme
weather events (extreme winds and
storm).
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