ENGLISH

Writing

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 Key Points
• Coherence and cohesion
• Lexical resource
• Grammatical range and accuracy

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 Coherence and Cohesion
• Cohesion
– How words are linked to form sentences
and how sentences are joined together
logically.
– Again, remember the Word Function!....
• Coherence
– Organization of the whole text.
– Paragraph: topic sentence, supporting
details and conclusion.
– Hamburger method: introduction, main
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body and conclusion.
 Example
• Natural products are products of
natural origins. Natural products
include an entire organism, a part of an
organism, an extract of organism part.
In addition, pure compounds such as
alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, which
is isolated from plant, animals or
microorganism is also classified as
natural products.
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 Lexical Resource
• The range of vocabulary across topic
areas.
• The command of word forms (eg. Harm,
harmful, harmfully, etc)
• The correct spelling

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 Variation= not monoton
• Conduct, perform, do, carry out.
• Produce, yield, give, obtain.
• In addition, additionally, furthermore,
• While, whereas.
• Therefore, thus, hence, so.
• Next, then.
• Since, due to, as, because, because of.

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 Example!!!!
• Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete
waste has been conducted.
• Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete
waste has been performed.
• Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete
waste has been done.
• Synthesis of biodiesel from Jambu mete
waste has been carried out.
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• TOO MONOTON.....................
• Effect of pH
An experiment was conducted by adding 0.008 g of
activated carbon adsorbent into 10 mL of metal cation
sample solution having a concentration of 10 mg/L. The
effect of pH on the adsorption of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III)
were carried out in pH 4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5; 6,0 and 6,5. The
mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The
adsorbent was filtered out and dried in a desiccator.
Concentration of metal ion was then measured by AAS.
• Adsorption kinetics
An experiment was conducted by adding 0.024 g of
activated carbon adsorbent into 30 mL of metal cation
sample solution having a concentration of 10 mg/L. The
mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5, 15, 45, 135
and 405 minutes. The adsorbent was filtered out and
dried in a desiccator. Concentration of metal ion was then8
measured by AAS.
• It would be better to make a variation in writing!!!...........
• Effect of pH
The experiment was conducted by adding 0.008 g of activated
carbon adsorbent into 10 mL of metal cation sample solution
with the concentration of 10 mg/L. The adsorptions of Cd(II),
Pb(II) and Cr(III) were carried out in pH 4,0; 4,5; 5,0; 5,5; 6,0 and
6,5. The mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 3
hours. Next, the adsorbent was filtered out and dried in a
desiccator. The adsorbed metal ion was measured based on
concentration of metal cation before and after the adsorption
using AAS.
• Adsorption kinetics
As much as 0.024 g of the adsorbent was added into 30 mL of
metal cation sample solution with concentration of 10 mg/L for
each. The adsorption kinetics was studied by conducting the
adsorption in various contact times, which were 5, 15, 45, 135
and 405 minutes. Concentration of metal ion before and after
adsorption was then measured by AAS and corrected with the
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blank solution by AAS.
 Grammatical Range and
Accuracy
• This refers to your command of the grammar
of English and the rate of error.
• How many mistakes do you make???.....
• The range of sentence types and the length
of these sentences.
• Do you mix of simple,compound and
complex sentences????.....
• THE MORE YOU PRACTICE, THE EASIER
WRITING WOULD BE

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 Let’s have a practice then….
• Aspirin atau asam asetilsalisilat adalah sejenis obat
turunan dari salisilat yang sering digunakan sebagai
senyawa analgesik, antipiretik dan anti-inflamasi.
Aspirin juga memiliki efek antikoagulan dan dapat
digunakan dalam dosis rendah untuk mencegah
serangan jantung. Aspirin dapat disintesis melalui
reaksi asetilasi terkatalisis asam terhadap asam
salisilat menggunakan asetat anhidrida. Asam
salisilat sendiri dapat disintesis dari hidrolisis metal
salisilat yang merupakan komponen utama dari
minyak gandapura.

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 Writing paragraph from
Graph,Table or Figure
• Identify the subject of paragraph.
• Identify significant features or the main
trends.
• Identify the data.
• Construct a variety of sentences comparing
or contrasiting information from the graph
• Use transition signal.
• Construct cohesive paragraph.
• Check for mistakes.
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 Expression (Refering)
• As can be seen from the chart/
diagram/ table/ data….
• It can be seen in the figure/ table….
• The graph shows that….
• According to/ based on the table……
• As is shown/ presented/ displayed in
Table……
• It can be seen from the…..
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 Expression (trend)
• To fall, to decline, to decrease.
• To remain constant, stable, same.
• To rise, to reach the maximum point
• Steadily, gradually, sharply,
dramatically.

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 Have a practice
350
Number of Students

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Year
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 Trend VS Tendency
• If the numbers seem to be consistently
going down, there is a downward trend.
• If the numbers are consistently going
downwards, we can say there is a
tendenc to fall.

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 Downward VS Downwards

• There was a downward (upward) trend

• The trend was downwards (upwards)

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 Per cent VS Percentage
• 40% of the group was male. A larger
percentage was female.
• Not.
• 40% of the group was male. 60% of the
group was female.

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 To Contrast
• Show differences
– Whereas
– However
– On the other hand
– Different from
– Whilst/ while
– In contrast to

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 To Compare
• Show similarities
– Similarly
– A is the same as B
– They are alike in that….
– Both……
– In the same way

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 Another example
• Structure elucidation of the product with Infra Red
spectrometer gave an IR spectrum in Figure V.8. The
disappearance of the broad absorption band at 3000-
3500 cm-1, which represents the hydroxyl group (-
OH), indicates that the acetylation reaction has taken
place. Another evidence is the presence of two
strong peaks at 1759 and 1712 cm-1 which are
characteristic for the carbonyl group (C=O) of ester.
The absorption of C-O-C and methyl group of ester
can be seen at 1211 and 1442 cm-1, respectively
(Table V.3).

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Writing the reaction mechanism
O OH
OH H
H+ CH3OH
O
OH
OH CH3
OH

-H+

OH OH OH

OCH3 OCH3
-H2O +
H
OCH3 OH
OH2

-H+

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OCH3
• The mechanism of the acid-catalyzed-esterification
of benzoic acid with methanol is presented in Figure
III.2. The benzoic acid is protonated on its carbonyl
oxygen which is increase the positive (electrophile)
character of the carbonyl group. The methanol acts
as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon.
The formed oxonium ion then lost a proton to give
tetrahedral intermediate in its neutral form. The next
step begins with protonation of hydroxyl oxygen on
the tetrahedral intermediate, followed by water
elimination and deprotonation to yield an ester.

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