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Bacillus
Medically Important GPR
Bacillus
Clostridium
Listeria
Erysipelothrix
Lactobacillus
Actinobacteria
Streptomyces
Proprionibacterineae
Corynebacterium
Nocardia
Mycobacterium
Bacillus species
Key characteristics
Large, ground glass
colonies
Beta hemolysis
Catalase positive
Large gram positive
to variable rods
Bacillus anthracis
Characterisitics
GPR
FA
Capsule
Spore: central endospore
Nonmotile, non - hemolytic
Very long chains
“Medusa head” colonies
Reservoir, zoonotic
Hoof stock (sheep, cattle, goats)
Fur, hides (textile workers)
Soil contaminated with spores
Virulence
Capsule
Spore
Exotoxin (anthrax toxin)
Necrosis
Edema
Protective Ag
Pathogenicity
B. anthracis diseases
Exposure
Inhalation
Inoculation
Ingestion meat
Dx
Gastrointestinal
Hemmorhage/death
Cutaneous
Eschar/toxemia
Inhalation
Toxemia/death
B. anthracis
Dx
Culture/Isolation
Prevention
Vaccination (toxoid)
Proper disposal
Chemical disinfection
Burn carcasses
B. cereus
Characteristics
Aerobic
Non-encapsulated
Motile
spore
Virulence
Spores
Enterotoxins
Hemolysins
Lecithinase (pLC)
Dz
Food poisoning
Catheter sepsis
Ocular infections
B. subtilis
Location
Soil
Decaying organic matter
Nonpathogenic
Research organism
Endospores
antibiotics
Commercial use
Enzyme production
Insect toxin
Fungicide
Food spoilage
Clostridium
Examples
C. tetani
C. perfringes
C. botulinum
Characteristics
GPR
Obligate anaerobes
Motile
Spore former (terminal)
Exotoxins
C. perfringens
Membrane disrupting toxin
(phospholipids)
Alpha toxin (lecithinase)
Rupture RBCs
Destroy Tissue
Enzymes
Collagenase
Hyaluronidase
DNase
CH2O fermentation Gas
Exposure
Puncture wounds, fractures
Surgical
Contaminated food
Diseases
Food poisoning
Improper cooking
V/D
Gas gangrene
Anaerobic cellulitis
myonecrosis
Gas Gangrene
Treatment
Debride
AB
Hyperbaric O2
C. tetani
Epidemiology: saphrophyte
Soil
Dust
GI tract
Wounds (deep)
Burns
Umbilical stump
Animal bites
A-B neurotoxin (exotoxin)
Tetanospasm
Blocks release of inhibitory NT
Glycine
Relaxes opposing muscle
Without: both muscle groups
contract
Tonic Spasms
Localized (Lockjaw)
Cephalic
Generalized
Death respiratory failure
C. tetani
Dx
Spores in wound
Blood toxin levels
Toxin neutralization test
Treatment
Antitoxin (HTIg)
AB
Debride
Curare poison
paralysis
ventilator
Prevention
Vaccination
Toxoid (DPT)
Antitoxin
Tetanus neonatorum
C. tetani
Umbilical cord infected
soil, dirt rubbed on stump
Dirty instruments
C. botulinum
Location
Soil
Water
Improper canning
GI tracts of animals
Epidemiology
Intoxication
Food borne
Toxin (canned food)
Infant
Ingestion of endospores
Source: honey
Wound
endospores
C. botulinum
Pathogenicity
A-B neurotoxin
botulinum toxin
7 toxins A-G
Type A
Proteolytic
Heat resistant
Type B: both
Type E
Nonproteolytic
Heat labile
Bind to neuron
prevent ACH from binding
at NMJ
Flaccid paralysis
Descending
Death in 3-7 days
C. botulinum
Dx
Culture/Isolation
Symptoms
Tx
Antitoxin
AB: penicillin
Ventilator
Prevention
Proper food handling
Boiling 10 minutes
Clostridium difficile
GI source
Epidemiology
Long term care facilities
Chronic AB use
Fecal-oral route
Pathogenicity
Toxins
Spores
Diseases
Colitis pseudomembrane
Cecal perforation = fatal
Colitis
Actinobacteria
Suborder Actinomycinae
Suborder Propionibacterineae
Suborder Streptomycineae
Suborder Corynebacterineae
Family Corynebacteriaceae
Family Mycobacteriaceae
Family Norcariaceae
Actinomycosis
Actinomycetes
Characteristics
Anaerobic
Diseases
Abscesses
Sulfur granules
Body cavities
Jaw
Thoracic
Abd/pelvic
Proprionibacterineae
GPR
Non motile, NSF
FA to aerotolerant
Catalase (+)
Location
Skin
GI
Dairy (cheese)
Types
P. acnes
Body odor
Acne
Oil glands
Acne vulgaris
Streptomycineae
Streptomyces
Aerial hyphae, conidia
Obligate aerobes
Location:soil
Problems
S.C infection
Abscess
Bone destruction
Use
AB synthesis
Mycobacteriaceae
Examples
M. tuberculosis
M. leprae
Characteristics
AF (mycolic acid)
Aerobic
Nonmotile, NSF
Reservoir = humans
Transmission
Respiratory droplets
M. tuberculosis
Slow growing
TB
Pulmonary
Nodular scars
Calcification
T cells and macrophages
CT
Tubercle
Caseous necrosis
Disseminated (consumption)
Brain
Bone
Kidneys
GI
LN
Skin
Disease stages
Primary
Latent
Recrudescent
M. tuberculosis
Virulence factors
Mycolic acid
Decrease phagocytosis
Catalase
Mycobactin
Chelates iron
Dx
Culture/isolation of sputum
Radiography of chest
TB skin test (PPD)
Tx
multi-drug
Resistance
Research: rDNA vaccine
M. Leprae (Hansen’s bacillus)
Slow growing
Epidemiology
Tropical environments (TX)
Not readily communicated
Types
Tuberculoid
Rash with plaques
Nerve damage
Lepramatous (Leproid)
Erythemia nodosum
Neuritis
Ulceration/bacteremia
Skin appendage loss Treatment: AB
Corynebacterium
C. diptheriae
Characteristics
Club shaped
Weakly AF
Metachromic granules
Epidemiology
Source: carriers
Cutaneous
Fomites
Respiratory infection
Aerosol
Pharynx, LN, tonsils
Pseudomembrane
Pathogenicity
Diptheria toxin
A-B exotoxin
A: Inactivates proteins
B: attacks heart, NS
Neuraminidase coryne = club shaped
Protease (Dipthin)
C. diptheria disease
Pseudomembrane
Pharynx and tonsils
MM
Nasal
Larynx
External ear (OM)
Conjunctiva
Vulvo-vaginal
Complications (toxins)
Edema
Myocarditis
Neuritis
Cutaneous rash
C. diphtheria
Dx
Pseudomembrane
Metachromic granules
Tx
Antitoxin
AB
Prevention
Vaccination (DPT)
Nocardia
N. asteroids
Characteristics
Saprophyte (soil)
Filamentous, branch
Weakly AF
Transmission
immunosuppressed
Dz
Resp: resemble TB
Skin: abscesses
Tx: AB
Lactobacillales (Lactobacillus)
Characteristics
Coccobacillus
FA – microaerophilic
Lactic acid fermentation
Epidemiology
Food: meat, dairy, fruit
Environment: water
Uses
Food production
Fermented vegetables
Beverages: beer, wine, juices
Milk products: yogurt, cheese
Problems
Food spoilage
Listeria
L. monocytogenes
Characteristics
Soil, mammal gut
Non caspule, NSF
Motile [petrichous flagella]
FA
Catalase (+)
Resist: Cold, pH, temp, salt, bile
Transmission
Direct: neonate, uterus
Vertical
Dz
Food poisoning (dairy)
Skin-> bacteremia-> endocarditis-
>NS
Tx: AB
Prevention
Cook foods
Pasteurize dairy products
Food Safety
Erysipelothrix
E. rhusiopathiae
Characteristics
Saphrophyte
Nonmotile, NSF
microaerophilic
Epidemiology
Water, sewage
Animals
Pathogenicity: capsule
Transmission: Fecal
Disease
Macropapular rash
Endocarditis
Septicemia
Tx
AB
Animal vaccination (pigs)
Mycoplasmas
Characteristics
Lack cell walls
Pleomorphic (fried egg)
NM
FA-Obligate anaerobes
Examples
M. genitalium
M. pneumoniae
M. hominis
Diseases
Pneumonia
Uritogenital infections
Wash your hands!