Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell
All living cells can be classified as
Microscopic
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Cell types …
Eukaryotes cells-true nucleus
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Cell types…
Viruses: acellular, parasitic particles composed of
a nucleic acid and proteins.
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Cell types …
Eukaryotes include all
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Similarities and Differences Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Characteristic Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
Genetic material (DNA) Single circular DNA Paired linear DNA
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Prokaryotes cells…
Bacteria are prokaryotic, single-celled microorganisms.
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Taxonomy
Taxonomy:
is the formal system for organizing, classifying,
and naming living things.
Classification:
is the assignment of organisms (species) based
on evolutionary relationships.
Nomenclature:
assigning specific names of organisms (genus
+species)
Identification:
Determining and recording traits of organisms
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The Levels of Classification:
Hierarchy
Binomial system:
and species.
C. Linnaeus (1701-1778)
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Classification …
Binomial nomenclature:
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Classification…
In general, Bacterial classification depends on:
Phenotypic methods
1. Morphology and arrangement
2. Staining
3. Anatomic structures
4. Physiology
Cultural characteristics
Biochemical reactions
Antigenic structure
Genetic :Base composition of bacterial DNA
DNA-DNA hybridization
rRNA
G+C Content
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Morphology of Bacteria
Size
Prokaryotes are among the smallest of all organisms.
Most prokaryotes range from 0.5 to 2.0 um in
diameter.
With some exception
cyanobacteria are 60 um long
Bacillus anthrax measures 10um
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Morphology of Bacteria
Shape
1. Spherical /circular Coccus/Cocci Plane of division
I. Pairs diplococci one
II. Four cells arranged tetrad two
III. Eight cells arranged Sarcina three
IV. Chains streptococci one
V. Clusters staphylococci Random
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Arrangement of bacterial cells
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Morphology of Bacteria
2. Rod –shaped Bacilli/bacillus
Bacilli divide in only one plane. Diplobaccilli or Streptobacilli
Straight
Curved/comma-shaped (vibrio) Vibrio
tapered-fusiform
Coccobacilli-short rods
Pleomorphic-change shape and size
Bacilli
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Morphology of Bacteria
3. Spiral shaped:
Spiral bacteria are not generally grouped together.
Spirillum - stiffed
Spirochetes –flexible
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Staining characteristics
Color
microscope
Gram positive vs. gram negative bacteria
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Bacterial cell structure
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Bacterial cell Structure
1. Surface layers (capsule, loose slime) External
2. Surface appendages (Pilli, flagella) structures
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1. Surface appendages (Pilli, flagella)
bacterial species:
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Surface appendages…
I. Flagella :
Are thread/whip like structures
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Flagella…
The flagella has 3 basic parts
The filament-the long outermost region.
-Consists of flagellin a Globular protein.
The hook-where the filament is attached
-wider and consists of different proteins.
The basal body-which anchors the flagellum to the CW
and CM.
-composed of a small central rod inserted
into a series of rings.
-in GNB, it contains two rings
-the outer pair of ring is anchored to the
CW.
-the inner pair of rings is anchored to the
CM
24 -In GPB, only the inner pairs of rings are
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Flagella…
2. Polar
2.1. Monotrichous: Bacteria with single polar flagellum.
2.1. Lophotrichous: Bacteria with bunch of flagella at one pole.
2.3 Amphitrichous: Bacteria with flagella at both poles.
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Flagelar arrangement
Colonization/attachment
Serogrouping/serotyping
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ii. Fimbriae and Pili
Hairlike appendages common in GNB.
Are shorter, straighter and thinner than flagella.
Used for attachment and transfer of DNA.
composed of protein called pilin.
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Pili and Fimbriae…
Two types (Based on function)
Common pili(Fimbriae):
A few to several hundreds per cell.
Have the tendency to adhere to each other and
to the surface.
The structure for adherence to cell to cell
surface.
They involved in biofilm formation.
Help bacteria to adhere epithelial cells
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Pili and Fimbriae..
Sex pili:
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Comparison between flagella and
Pili
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Cell envelopes(cell wall, cell membrane )
Cell wall:
a rigid, multilayered structure
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Cell wall…
Components of cell wall of Gram positive bacteria
1. Peptidoglycan
2. Teichoic acid
1. Peptidoglycan
2. Lipoprotein
3. Phospholipid
4. Lipopolysaccharide
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GPB vs. GNB Cell Wall
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GPB vs. GNB Cell Wall
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CELL WALL DIFFERENCE
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Cell wall defective bacteria
I. Natural: e.g. Mycoplasma species
II. Induced:
produced after exposure of antibiotics, detergents, lysozymes
1. Protoplasm:
Resistance to antibiotics
Can grow and divide
Encounter infections
Can revert to the normal form
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Functions of cell wall
1. Provides shape to the bacterium
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Cell /plasma membrane
Phospholipid by layer +protein
It is composed of
60% protein
10-20% CHO
prokaryotic cells.
surround cells
Antigenicity
Attachment/adherence/colonization
Resistance to drying
Serotyping bacteria
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Surface layer…
Slime layer
Glycocalyx substance is unorganized and only
loosely attached to the cell wall.
The Glycocalyx is a very important component of
biofilms.
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Mesosomes
Infoldings/invagination of the plasma membrane in which
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Internal structures
Ribosomes
DNA(Nucleoid)
Granules
Cytoplasmic constituents
Plasmid
Endospores
Polyamine
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Inclusion bodies /granules
Aggregates of various compounds used as foods storage /reserves
granules
Polysaccharide granules : usually glycogen or starch
Lipid inclusions
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Endospores
Small round, highly resistant, resting structures produced with the
environmental conditions.
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Layers of endospore
most chemicals
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Structure of bacterial endospore
o Are formed in response to certain
adverse nutritional conditions.
o Are inactive bacterial cells.
o More resistant to desiccation, heat
and various chemicals.
o Contain calcium dipicolinate which
aids in heat resistance within the
core.
o Germinate under favorable
nutritional conditions.
o Helpful in identifying some species
of bacteria.
o Spore germinate to produce a single
vegetable cell.
Terminal
Central
Subterminal
Clostridium spp
Bacillus spp.
Coxiella burnetti
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Germination of spores
The overall process of converting a spore into a
vegetative cell.
and outgrowth.
Activation: favorable environmental condition
maintenance of
classified as
Parasitic bacteria
oxygen, or
by fermentation, in the absence of oxygen, to
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provide energy in the form of ATP.
Glycolysis
Pyruvic Acid
Fermentation
Aerobic
respiration
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The main types of energy-capturing metabolism.
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Terms Relating to Energy and Carbon
Sources
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Bacterial Nutrition…
Hydrogen and oxygen
Nitrogen
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Growth factors
Growth factors
organism.
It is an increment in biomass.
in cell number.
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2. Exponential(log) phase
culture.
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3. Maximal stationary phase
The period when the bacteria have achieved their
maximal cell density or yield.
There is no further increase in viable bacterial cell
number.
The growth rate is exactly equal to the death rate.
period at the
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Factors influencing bacterial
growth
IV. PH
V. Salinity
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1. Nutrition
Macromolecules (source of C,H,O,N)
vitamins.
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2. Temperature
Optimal growth range of temperature:
range
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Obligate aerobic bacteria grow only when free oxygen is
acceptor in respiration.
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Environmental oxygen…
Microaerophilic bacteria grow best at reduced
value.
(acidic medium).
(alkaline medium).
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5. Salinity
Salt content of the medium affects bacterial growth.
concentration.
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6. Osmotic pressure
7. Sun light
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