MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY (LECTURE)

PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES (4)

MADE BY: JAILOUISE A. PEREZ, JOEY VENEGAS, MIRA MARAVILLA, TRIESHA ICBAN, KRISHLAINE TIU, LINUS ORDONIO,
ARIANE SABILLO, SHARMAINE ZIPAGAN
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA - BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING - BATCH 2021-2022 (2ND SEM)

TOPIC OUTLINE
1 Medically Important Microorganisms
2 Viruses
3 Bacteria VS. Fungi
4 Protozoa
5 Algae

PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES also lack the genes and enzymes that are necessary
Feature Prokaryote Eukaryote for energy production. They rely on the cellular
• Membrane- machinery of the host cell for protein and energy
• Not enclosed
Genetic enclosed production. Hence, viruses are considered Obligate
• Not with histone
material • With histone
• Circular Intracellular Parasite
• Linear
Less than 1-2um x
Size Greater than 5um Viruses are classified based in the following:
1-4um
Cell Type Mostly Unicellular Mostly Multicellular  Types of Nucleic Acid they possess
Nucleus Not present (-) Present (+)  Capsid Shape (icosahedral, helical, polyhedral, or
Cell Wall Simple Complex complex)
Budding or Binary  Number of Capsomere
Cell Division Mitosis
Fission  Capsid Size
Sexual
No meiosis Meiosis  --/+ Envelope (presence or absence)
Reproduction
 Type of Host they infect (humans, plants, or animals)
Cytoskeleton Not present (-) Present (+)
Mitochondria and  Type of disease they produce
Mesosome Not present (-)  Target cell of tropism (e.g, T helper cells for HIV)
Golgi Complex
 Immunologic or Antigenic Properties
MEDICALLY IMPORTANT MICROORGANISMS
 Organisms that are considered medically VIRUS: BACTERIOPHAGE
important are those that have the potential or  are a special type of viruses that primarily infect
the ability to produce significant clinical disease bacteria. They are similar to other viruses in that: (1)
in humans. They may be part of the normal they are obligate intracellular parasites; (2) they are
flora of the body [When we say normal flora, it similarly shaped like other viruses; and (3) they may
is the flora na nageexist sa loob ng ating also be classified based on the type of nucleic acid
katawan, the indigenous flora, that eventually they possess [Either DNA or RNA]. They play a role in
increases] or are true pathogenic organisms. the acquisition of virulence [means disease causing
These may be categorized into bacteria, power] factors of certain bacteria (e.g, diphtheria
viruses, fungi, algae, and parasites (protozoa toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheria), as well as in the
and helminths). transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to
another (as in transduction).
VIRUSES
Viruses are acellular organisms. They are classified based on BACTERIA VS FUNGI
the following:  Bacteria are prokaryotic cells with majority having
 Capsid – outer surface which Is composed of an outer covering called the cell wall that is composed
Capsomere – repeating subunits mainly of peptidoglycan. Unlike viruses, they possess
 Viruses possess only a single nucleic acid, either DNA both DNA and RNA. Unlike eukaryotic organisms,
or RNA, but never both DNA and RNA bacteria possess a nucleoid instead of a true nucleus,
 Rely on Host for CHONS and energy production - smaller ribosomes, and lack mitochondria. Based on
viruses lack the necessary cellular parts that can allow their physical characteristics, bacteria may be broadly
them to replicate independent of the host cell. They categorized into (1) gram-negative bacteria with cell

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 wall (e.g., Escherichia Coli); (2) gram-positive ALGAE
bacteria with cell wall (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus);  Algae are eukaryotic organisms whose outer surface
(3) acid-fast bacteria with lipid-rich cell wall (e.g., consists primarily of cellulose.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis); and, (4) bacteria  They are described as plant-like organisms because
most of them have chlorophyll and are thus capable
without cell wall (e.g., Mycoplasma).
of photosynthesis.
 Fungi are eukaryotic cells with an outer surface  Unlike plants, they do not possess true roots, stems,
composed mainly of chitin. Their cell membrane is and leaves. Table 2.3 summarizes the major
made up mostly of ergosterol. Like bacteria, fungi differences between algae and plants.
possess both DNA and RNA. Unlike bacteria, they  Algae vary in size from the single-celled
possess a true nucleus that is enclosed by a nuclear phytoplanktons to the large seaweeds found in the
membrane and mitochondria that function for ATP ocean floor.
 Algae do not produce significant disease in humans.
production. Fungal ribosomes are also longer than
Most algae are beneficial in that they are important
bacterial ribosomes (80 Swedberg units). Table 2.2 sources of food, iodine, and other minerals.
summarizes the major differences between fungi and  They may also be used as fertilizers, emulsifiers for
bacteria. puddings, and stabilizers for ice cream and salad
dressings.
Feature Bacteria Fungi o [DIATOMS - unicellular algae
 lives on bodies of water, both salt
Eukaryotic:
Prokaryotic: and fresh bodies.
Cell Type Unicellular or  Cell walls contain silicon dioxide,
Unicellular
Multicellular utilized in filtration systems and
Role in Producers and Mainly insulation.]
Ecosystem Decomposers Decomposers o [DINOFLAGELLATES - also unicellular algae.
Optimal pH 6.5-7 pH 4-6 pH  Important members of the
phytoplankton group. It contributes
NO Nucleus and HAS Nucleus and
Cell structure greatly to the oxygen in our
organelles Organelles atmosphere. Serves as an
Peptiddoglycan important link in our food chain.
Main CW
except in Chitin  Responsible for red tides.
Component  Responsible for a fatal disease
Archaebacteria
Absent except in called paralytic shellfish poisoning,
Sterols in CM Present nakukuha kapag nakakain ka ng
Mycoplasma
isdang galing sa red tide]
Heterotrophic,
Chemautotrophic, Heterotrophic: ALGAE VS PLANTS
Mode of photoautotrophic, majority aerobic Features Algae Plants
Nutrition aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative Taxonomy Kingdom Protista Kingdom Plantae
facultative anaerobic Unicellular,
anaerobic Cellular
multicellular or Multicellular
Reproduction Binary Fission Sexual and Asexual Structure
colony forming
Photosynthetic Yes Yes
PROTOZOA Energy Storage
 Protozoa are the representatives for parasites. Like Starch Starch
Form
bacteria and fungi, there are also Vascular System Not Present (-) Present (+)
o eukaryotic cells that have an outer surface Mostly rooted in
called pellicle. Habitat Mostly water
ground
 There are unicellular organisms that usually divide Roots, stems,
through binary fission, similar to bacteria. Not present (-) Present (+)
and leaves
 Majority exist in two morphologic forms—
Reproduction Asexual and Sexual Sexual
o cyst and trophozoites. The infective stage is
the cyst while the pathogenic stage is the
trophozoite.
 Protozoa possess both DNA and RNA as well as other
cellular features seen in typical eukaryotic cells.