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Overview

This chapter tackles the

historical development of science
and technology in the Philippines
from the pre – colonial period up to
the Fifth Republic.

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This chapter contains seven (7) topics:
4.1 Pre – Colonial Science and Technology

4.2 Science and Technology during the Spanish Regime

4.3 Science and Technology during American Regime

4.4 science and Technology during the Commonwealth Period

4.5 Science and Technology since Independence

4.6 Science and Technology during the Marcos Era

4.7 Science and Technology during the Fifth Republic COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
Specific Objectives
At the end of the chapter, you should be able to

Outline the historical development of STS in the Philippines

Analyze the development of science and technology in the

Philippines in terms of its major impact to the Filipino
people.

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Give at least 5
words that
you think best
describe this
place.

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 PRE – COLONIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Slow pacing of the spread of science and technology in the Philippines because of the following obstacle
(Bernard 2016)

Archipelagic Condition Of The Country

The Different Dialects Which Shows Diversity

Not Open To New Ideas For Agriculture

The Strong Belief To Superstitious

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 The Use Of Science And Technology
In Pre – Colonial Era

https://www.slideshare.net/angenica/pre-colonial-science-and-technology-in-the-third-world
https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/the-evolution-of-media-in-the-philippines-2a6e8df1-0455-
4873-b9ea-1da1a1b0ea56
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 4.1.1. WRITING SYSTEM

https://narrastudio.com/blogs/journal/baybayin-the-ancient-filipino-script-lives-on

BAYBAYI The pre-colonial beautiful ancient writing script of the islands of the Philippines
N

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 4.1.2. CONCEPT OF TIME

Pre-colonial Filipinos has no clocks to show the hours or minute Povedano calendar Modern calendar

https://www.aswangproject.com/bakunawa/ https://www.aswangproject.com/concept-time-according-pre-
colonial-filipino/

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MOON PHASES ACT AS “TIME MARKERS”
moonconnection.com

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 EARLY FILIPINO’S TIME
Bukang Liwayway

Katanghalian

Lulunod Na

https://www.tripzilla.ph/sunrise-spots-
philippines/14860

https://saudiarabiaofw.com/midday-work-ban/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Bay

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 LENTH/DISTANCE MASS/ WEIGHT

PHILIPPINE MEASURING UNIT FOREIGN EQUIVALENT (ESTIMATE) PHILIPPINE MEASURING UNITS FOREIGN EQUIVALENT
(ESTIMATE)

DAKOT 10 GRAMS
PIRANGGOT ½ INCH
GUHIT 100 GRAMS
SANDAMAK 4 INCHES
KAGITNA ½ KILO
DANGKAL 8 INCHES
GATANG 1 KILO
TALAMPAKAN 12 INCHES
CHIMANTA 6 KILOS
BISIG 16 INCHES
DIPA 68 INCHES KABAN 25 KILOS
TIME
VOLUME
PHILIPPINE MEASURING UNJTS FOREIGN EQUIVALENT
PHILIPPINE MEASURING UNITS FOREIGN EQUIVALENT (ESTIMATE) (ESTIMATE)

KISAPMATA 0.5 SECOND

SALOK 80 ML
SARO 250 ML SAGLIT 1 SECOND
MANGKOK 400 ML SANDALI 60 SECONDS

4.1.3. EARLY FILIPINO WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

https://www.scribd.com/doc/18048667/Philippine-Units-of-Measurements

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4.2. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE SPANISH REGIME (1521 – 1898)

THE GALLEON TRADE

https://artsandculture.google.com/asset/diorama-22-galleon-trade-scene-
ca-1750/aAEQAqK8dQJDTA

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 officialgazette.gov.ph

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2015/04/28/ph-
mexico-push-to-nominate-manila-acapulco-galleon-trade-
route-to-world-heritage-list/ COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
 GOVERNADOR JOSE BASCO Y VARGAS LEON MA. GUERRERO

FOUNDER OF REAL SOCIEDAD ECONOMICA DE LOS FATHER OF PHILIPPINE PHARMACY

AMIGOS DEL PAIS DE FILIPINA https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/articles/893/to
https://alchetron.com/Jos%C3%A9-Basco-y-Vargas day-in-philippine-history-january-21-1853-leon-ma-
guerrero-was-born-ermita-manila

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 SIGNIFICANT TERTIARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS THAT WERE FOUNDED DURING
THE SPANISH COLONIZATION

COLEGIO DE MANILA UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS

https://www.facebook.com/1111319
82293260/photos/colegio- http://arquitecturamanila.blogspot.com/2014
m%C3%A1ximo-de-san-ignacio- /07/university-of-santo-tomas-main-
colegio-de-manilaat-pamantasan-ng- building.html
lungsod-ng-
COLEGIO DE SAN ILDEFONSO
mayni/1227733080633139/ https://y101fm.com/features/lifestyle/cebu-s-
best/5635-what-is-cebu-s-oldest-school-hint-it-is-
also-the-oldest-school-in-asia

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4.3. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE AMERICAN REGIME (1898 – 1935)
reneekarunungan.com

taal.ph

officialgazette.gov.ph

https://courses.lumenlearn
https://www.slideshare.net/kasaysaysan ing.com/boundless-
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/third- 4kids/the-american-occupation-and-the- ushistory/chapter/america
republic/ philippine-commonwealth n-imperialism/
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GOVERNMENT PHILIPPINE GENERAL
LABORATORY HOSPITAL
PGH IN 1947

https://www.facebook.com/SkylinesPhilippines/posts/the-philippine-general-hospital-is-one-philippines-
oldest-hospitals-in-1907-the-/1166523753457607/

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4.4 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
(1935 – 1946)

MANUEL QUEZON
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/5694772771
uel_L._Quezon

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 4.5 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SINCE INDEPENDENCE (1946 TO 1965)

INDEPENDENCE IN 1946 There is no significant innovation in the education and

training of scientist and engineers.

HIGHLIGHTED EVENTS SINCE INDEPENDENCE ARE THE

FOLLOWING:
There has been an increased in the creation of government science In 1952, the commission on volcanology was also created and placed
agencies since 1946 under the national research council of the Philippines (NRCP)

In 1947, The Bureau Of Science was organized into

an institute of science In the same year, The Institute Of Nutrition was created and in the year
1952, the Science Foundation Of The Philippines (SFP) was also
Scientific work in government suffered from a lack of support, established and put along with the institute of science.
planning and coordination during the early postwar years
Consequently, congress enacted the science act
of 1958
The institute of Science was reorganize in 1951. Renamed institute of
science and technology

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HIGHLIGHTED EVENTS SINCE INDEPENDENCE ARE THE
FOLLOWING:

The act also created the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) and
the National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)

In the year 1960s several science research oriented agencies were established by
Philippine laws
A. Philippines Inventors Commission (1964)
B. Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964)
C. Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967)
D. Forest Products Research and
e. Industries Development Commission (1969)

The science act created the National Science

Philippine Atomic Energy Commission Development Board (NSDB)
https://lakansining.wordpress.com/2017/01/24/commonwealth-
avenue-quezon-city-monuments-in-the-philippine-nuclear-
research-institute/

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 4.6. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE MARCOS ERA (1965 – 1985)

January 23, 1967 SONA , emphasized science was essential for research
and development programs

Third SONA, acknowledged that technology was the foremost factor in

January 22, 1968 economic development and channeled additional funds in order to
support projects in applied science and science education.

Fourth SONA, funds were allocated to private universities and

January 27, 1969 urged them to create courses in science, technology and research.

April 6, 1968 He proclaim 35 hectares in Bicutan,Taguig,Rizal as the site of the

Philippine science community
SONA that focused on the
January 26, 1970 Fifth SONA, emphasis on the enhancement and improvement development and advancement S&T
of science curricula
http://malacanang.gov.ph/ferdinand-
marcos/

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 1. Philippine Coconut Research Institute was integrated with NSDB to upgrade the coconut industry

2. The NSDB also established the Philippine Textile Research Institute.

3. The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of the NSDB explored the uses of atomic
energy for economic development.

4. Philippine Coconut Research Institute to the NSDB to modernize the coconut industry.

JANUARY 24, 1972 Seventh SONA he spoke about his major development projects in reforming sectors of education .

1976 He enacted a law under Presidential Degree no. 1003-a, s. 1976 to establish the National Academy of Science and
Technology

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 4.7. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DURING THE FIFTH REPUBLIC (1986 TO PRESENT)
Known as the “Reorganization Of The National Science And
Proclamation of executive
Technology Authority”, Thus creating the technology
order no. 128
application and promotion institute (TAPI)

Science for the masses program aimed at encouraging children

Republic act 6655 who had passion in science and technology to study for free

For science and technology alleviating and envisioning the

Presidential task
status of the Philippines to be the next industrialized
force
country

President Corazon C. Aquino signed Republic Act no. 7459, titled “an act
April 28, 1992 providing incentives to Filipino inventors and expanding the functions of the
technology application and promotion institute, appropriate funds therefor,
The major contribution of president Corazon Aquino for and for other purposes”
the development of science and technology are the
following
https://kahimyang.com/kauswagan/general-
blogs/1638/scandals-during-the-cory-philippines-corazon-
aquino-administration

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Cont.

During His Term, He Was Able To Establish Programs That Were Significant To The Field Of Science And
Technology

In 1993,science And Technology Agenda For National Development (Stand) Was Established
Which Prioritized The Following Areas:
1. Exporting winners identified by the dti;
2. Domestic needs identified by the president’s council for countryside development;
3. Support industries and
4. Coconut industry development

Congress, During His Term, Was Able To Enact The Following Laws That Were Significant For The Field

1. Magna carta for science and technology personnel (Republic Act No. 8439)
2. Science And Technology Scholarship Law Of 1994 (Republic Act No. 7687)
3. Inventors and inventions incentives act (Republic Act No. 7459)
FIDEL V. RAMOS 4. The intellectual property code of the philippines (Republic Act No.8293)
https://r2pasiapacific.org/profile/293/fidel
-ramos

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Cont.

Signed Two Major Legislations, Namely;

1. Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 (Republic Act No. 8749) which was designed to
protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development of its
natural resources

2. Electronic Commence Act of 2000 (Republic Act No. 8792) which ban computer
hacking and provides opportunities for new businesses emerging from the
internet- driven new economy

JOSEPH ESTRADA
https://www.exlinkeventsblog.com/2015/06/E
rap-leads-day-of-seafarers-expo.html

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 Cont.
Bestowed as the “golden age” era for science and technology by then secretary Estrella Alabastro.

1. R.A. 9367 or the “biofuels” act. This act promotes the 3.R.A. 10055 otherwise known as the technology
development and usage of biofuels throughout the country transfernact of 2009

2. R.A. 10601 WHICH IMPROVES THE AGRICULTURE SONA in 2001, president Arroyo emphasized the
AND FISHERIES SECTOR THROUGH role of technology in future economic development
MECHANIZATION (AFmech). R.A. 10601 covers research,
development, and extension (RDE)

President’s efforts resulted in the accomplishment of five broad tier of S&T programs (“PGMA’s
support to science community”, 2010). These programs include:

1. Research and development programs, 4.S&t Promotion And Information Services, And
GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO
https://bloomspresidents.wordpress.co 2. S&T Human Resource Development Programs
m/gloria-macapagal-arroyo-2001-
present/ 3. Scientific And Technological Services 5. Scientific Linkages And International Cooperation.

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Cont.
In 2014, President Benigno Aquino III conferred four new national scientist for their
contribution in the scientific field, namely

ACADEMICIANS GAVINO C. TRONO

Helped a lot of families in the coastal populations through the
extensives studies he made on seaweed species
http://www.msi.upd.edu.ph/faculty/gavino-c-trono-jr-ph-d

ANGEL C. ALCALA
Advocate of coral reefs aside from his contribution in the fields of systematics,
secology and herpetology
https://www.flipscience.ph/news/features-news/features/national-
scientist-angel-alcala/
RAMON C. BARBA
Changes the seasonal supply of fresh fruits to an all year round
availability of mangoes through his studies on the induction of
flowering of mango and micropropagation of important crop species.

BENIGNO AQUINO III https://www.coursehero.com/file/46658647/Quintuspptx/

https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/benigno- EDGARDO D. GOMEZ
6896.php
Steered the national- scale assessment of damage coral reefs which
led a national conservation.
http://www.msi.upd.edu.ph/faculty/edgardo-d-gomez-ph-d

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Cont.
INFLUENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Internal influences
 Survival
 Culture
 Economic Activities

Development of S&T
in the Philippines
External influences
 Foreign colonizer
 Traders with foreign
countries
https://www.slideshare.net/annaestardo/bspst  International economic
s-pt3-108692843 demands

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 Cont.
Emphasizing Teaching In The
Mother Tongue (RA 10533)
Developing School
Allocating 2% Of The Gdp To Research (RA 8424)
Infrastructure (RA 10931)
Providing For ICT
Broadband (RA 10844)
THE POLICIES ON S&TLegislating A Law Supporting Human
Genome Projects (RA 10747)

Integrate, Coordinate And Intensify Scientific
And Technological Research To Foster
Invention (RA 2067)
Ensuring Compliance Of Drug –Manufacturing
Firms With Asean – Harmonized Standards By Full
Implementation Of The Fda (RA 9711)
Creating An Education Council Dedicated To
Standardization Of Pharmaceutical Services/ Care (RA
5921)
UNDER THE AQUINO Protecting And Conserving Biodiversity By Full
Implementation Of Existing Laws (RA 9147)
ADMINISTRATION ARE Use Of Biosafety And Standard
Model By Asean Countries
AS FOLLOWS: Promoting Indigenous Knowledge Systems And
Indigenous People People’s Conservation (RA
8371)
Formulation Of Common Food
And Safety Standards (RA
10611)
Empowering Food And Drug Agencies To
Conduct Evidence – Based Research As Pool
Of Information (RA 3720)

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Cont.

In 2018, Signed the REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11035 or the Balik Scientist act.

This law provides incentives and

assistance to returning Filipino
experts, scientist, inventors, and
engineers.
189 scientists per Million, Balik Scientist
program. But it was only implemented
until 1986

RODRIGO
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/12/r
DUTERTE
odrigo-duterte-president-philippines-anti-drugs-
campaign-thousands-killed

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 “History is a guide to navigation in perilous
times. History is who we are and why we are
the way we are.” – David McCullough

Thank You!!!

Autumn Leaves
hypnogoria.blogspot.com

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 Assessment
A. Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following was NOT a reason for Spain’s rule in the Philippines?
A. cultural development B. acquisition of resources
C. spread of Christianity D. territorial expansion
2. Whos established Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines?
A. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi B. Carlos Maria dela Torre
C. Andres de Urdaneta D. Ferdinand Magellan
3. The early writing system of the Tagalog is called
A. Kulitan B. Tagbanwa
C. Surat Mangyan D. Baybayin

4.The “Science Act” created the following agencies except

A. National Science Development Board
B. Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources
D. National Institute of Science and Technology
5. A larger outrigger warship used by a native Filipinos during Spanish era is called
A. Caracoa B. curacao
C. Cacao D. none of these COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
6. Who created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first
Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP?
A. Ferdinand Marcos B. Fidel Ramos
C. Joseph Estrada D. Corazon Aquino
7. The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines ( Republic Act No. 8293) was enacted during the
term of
A. Corazon Aquino B. Joseph Estrada
C. Fidel Ramos D. Benigno Aquino III
8. Who was the president who enacted Republic Act 10611, a law for the formulation of common food and
safety standards?
A. Benigno Aquino III B. Gloria Arroyo
C. Ferdinand Marcos D. Fidel Ramos
9. On April 6, 1968, Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed 35 hectares in ___________ as the site of the
Philippine Science Community.
A. Bulacan B. Tanay Rizal
C. Bicutan, Taguig D. Quezon City
10. One of the more known laws to be passed by Arroyo’s administration was RA 9367
which is also known as the
A. Biofuels Act B. Clean Air Act
C. Science Act D. Electronic Commerce. COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
B. Cite a Philippine Republic Act and explain how it shaped the Philippine society

Assignment

1. Make a digital poster of your dream about the Philippine society in terms of :

a. Science and Technology

b. Culture of the Filipinos that you treasures the most .

2. List down Atleast five Filipino Inventions and give a brief backgroundof the inventions.

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REFERENCES:
Aquino, Albert P., Correa, Aleta Belissa D., and Ani, Princess Alma B. (2014 Nov. 5). The Philippine Inventors and Invention Incentives Act. Retrieved July
8, 2019, from http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_db.phpid=321&print=1

Bernard, M. (2016). Pre – Colonial Filipino’s Concept ofTime. De La Salle University. Retreived July 2, 2019, from
https://www.coursehero.com/file/27030230/The-Concept-of-Time-According-to-Pre-Colonial-Filipinospdf/

Caoli, Olivia. (1986). A History of Science and Technology in the Philippines. University of the Philippines, Science Research Foundation. Retrieved July 8,
2019, from https://www.scribd.com/doc/36969608/4-7-History-of-Science-and-Technology-in-the-Philippines

Cororaton, C. (2003). Research and Technology and development in the Philippines.Philippine Institute for Development Studies. Retrieved June 15,
2019, from https;//dirp3.paids.gov.ph/ris/books/pidsbk03-ppstechnology.pdf

Elemia, Camille. (2018, June 21). Duterte Signs balik scientist law. Rappler. Retrieved July 8, 2019, fromhttps://www.rappler.com/nation/205434-
duterte-signs-balik-scientist-law-philippines

Eokaba. (2004), May 2). State of the Science and Technology in the Philippines. Retreived July 8, 2019, from
http;//www.sciforums.com/threads/science-and-technology-in-the-philippines.35648/

Manila Galleon. (2018, May 29).Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 8, 2019, from https://www.britannica.com/technology/Manila-galleon

Palafox, Quennie Ann J. (2012, September 4). Asia’s oldest University, The Royaland the Pontifical University of Santo Tomas. National Historical
Commission of the Philippines. Retrieved July 8, 2019, from http;//nhcp.gov.ph/asias-oldest-university-the-royal-and-pontifical-university-of-santo-
tomas/

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REFERENCES: cont
Pazon, ANR (2018). Science and Technology in the Philippine Context: Historical and Philiosophical Implications. PASER Digital Commons, 1(24)

PGMA’s support to science community recognized. (2010.June 25). Balita. Retrieved July 8, 2019, from http://balita.ph/2010/06/25/pgmas-support-to-
science-community-recognized/

Responses of the national innovation sytem. (n.d) Retrieved July 8, 2019, from https;//www.apec.org/-/media/APEC/Publications/2004/9/National-
Innovation-Competencies-and-interests-in-a-Globalized-World-September-2004/TOCSession-B-Responses-ofNational-Innovation-Systems.pdf

Romero, M (2012). History of Science and Technology. Prezi Online Commons. Retrieved July 2, 2019, from https://prezi.com/e8upa1kqub7b/ a-history-
of-science-and-technology-in-the-philippines/dated

Sabillo, Kristin Angeli. (2014, August 12). Who are the 4 new National Scientists of PH? Inquirer.net. Retrieved July 8, 2019, from
https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/628386/aquino-confers-awards-on-four-new-national-scientist

Santos, Tomas U. (2011, January 26). UST is oldest, period. The Varsitarian. Retrieved July, 2019, from
https://varsitarian.net/news/20110126/ust_is_oldest_period

The first hundred years of the Ateneo de Manila. (n.d). Ateneo de Manila University. Retrieved July 8, 2019, fromhttp://www.ateneo.edu/first-
hundered-years-ateneo-de-manila

University History. (n.d) University of the Philippines. Retrieved July 8, 2019, from https;//www.up.edu.ph/index.php/about-up/university-history/

University of San Carlos. (n.d). Retrieved July 8, 2019, from http://www.crunchbase.com/organization/university-of-san-carlos

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