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● Barangays were merged to form pueblos,

pueblos into alcaldias, in addition to the
TOPIC OUTLINE ayuntamientos established by the colonizers
● Despite unification, the people started to
I. UNIFICATION III. THE nurture resentment and dislike for foreign rule
OF THE EMERGENCE
PHILIPPINES OF THE II. EARLY RESISTANCE TO SPANISH RULE
UNDER FILIPINO
SPANISH SENSE OF The integration of the country into the Spanish
RULE NATIONHOOD Empire resulted to the implementation of:
II. EARLY ● Liberal regime ● Taxation without representation
RESISTANCE of Carlos Ma. ○ Filipinos were required to pay taxes to
TO SPANISH Dela Torre the Spanish government to recognize
RULE ● Rise of class Spain's sovereignty
● Integration of media ● Indulto de comercio (license to trade)
the country into ● Opening of the ○ A right given to an alcalde mayor to
the Spanish Philippines to engage in trade
Empire World ● Polo y servicio (forced labor)
● Revolts under Commerce ○ Force labor for 40 days of men who
people’s desire ● Racial were obligated for the construction of
of freedom discrimination churches, roads, bridges and ships
● Revolts under ● Secularization ■ Church in Paoay, Ilocos
people’s desire controversy Norte
to revolt ● The Cavite
● Reasons for Mutiny of 1872
failure of early ● Rizal and The
revolts against Cavite Mutiny of
Spanish rule 1872

I. UNIFICATION OF THE PHILIPPINES UNDER

SPANISH RULE

● Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than

300 years ■ San Agustine Church in
● Before Spain’s Arrival, the Philippines Manila
consisted of independent and self-governing
barangays, peopled by diverse tribes
● It was Spain who gave the Philippines its
identity (Zaide, 1994) ((50) Ang Kasaysayan ni
King Philip II, kung bakit naging Philippines and
Bansang Maharlika – Youtube)
● The natives were pacified by the use of the
Cross (Agoncillo & Guerrero, 1974)
● Father Juan de Plasencia implemented The
Reduccion Plan
● It required natives to live in areas near the
church which made easier for Spanish
encomenderos to collect taxes from the natives
● Because of this plan, it transformed the
■ Baclayon Church, Bohol
Filipinos into law-abiding citizens under the
Spanish crown
● The independence of the barangays was lost
as a consequence
● With the imposition of Catholicism and Spanish
culture, the Filipinos were transformed into
“Little brown Spaniards"
● Spain's political system was gradually
introduced into the country

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● Government monopolies
○ Established the monopoly of the
tobacco industry in Ilocos and the
northern region. It was to position the
Philippines as a leading tobacco
producer in the world
● Galleon Trade
○ Spanish trading ships for 250 years
that brought porcelain, silk, ivory,
spices, and myriad other exotic goods
from China to Mexico in exchange for
New World silver
Examples of revolts under people’s desire of freedom
include
● Revolt of Rajah Sulayman and Lakan Dula
(1574)
○ Governor-General Guido de Lavezaris
took place after Lopez de Legaspi
dies, but did not honor the
agreements done between Lakandula
and his predecessor and even
tolerated Spanish abuses.
● Tondo Conspiracy (1587-1588)
○ Planned by Tagalog nobles known as
maginoos, led by Don Agustin de
Legazpi of Tondo and his cousin
Martin Pangan, to overthrow the
Spanish government in the Philippines
due to injustices against the Filipinos.
● Revolt of Malong (1660-1661)
○ This revolt was led by Andres Malong,
who led some natives in Pangasinan
to take up arms against the Spanish
government and proclaimed himself
King of Pangasinan. However, his
kingdom was short-lived and soon
most of his forces abandoned him,
enabling the Spanish forces to capture
him and subsequently execute him.
● Dagohoy’s Revolt (1744-1829)
○ Francisco Dagohoy led the longest
revolt against the Spaniards in
Philippine history. The revolt took the
Spaniards 85 years (1744–1829) to
quell.
○ Spanish authorities did not allow and
refused a Christian Burial for
Dagohoy's brother's death. This made
Dagohoy promise to himself that he
will correct and take justice the wrong
done to his brother, and led to a revolt
against the Spanish government
● Revolt of Diego Silang (1762-1763)
○ Was borne out of Diego Silang's
resentment toward the abuses hurled
by the Spanish authorities at the
common folk.
● Revolt of Palaris (1762-1764)
○ Led by Juan dela Cruz which aimed to
push the government to fulfill the
petitions of the people.
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Examples of revolts under people’s desire to revolt
their religion
● Igorot Revolt (1601)
● Tambolot Revolt (1621-1622)
● Revolt of Lanab and Alababan (1625-1627)
Tapar Revolt (1663)
● Revolt of Fransisco Rivera (1718)
● Revolt of Apolinario dela Cruz (1840-1841)
Moro Resistance (1590-1898)
● Government restrictions and control made
the people experience hardships and
miseries
● Majority of the cause for these uprisings is
the desire of the people to regain lost
freedom
● Revolts and uprising began from 1574 to
1843
Reasons for failure of early revolts against Spanish
rule (Romero et al., 1978)
● Owing to sectional jealousies
● Absence of national leaderships
● Lack of communication in the provinces
● Implementation of divide et impera or
“divide and rule”
Who is the real enemy?
Filipinos failed to realize their common enemy, the
Spaniards
III. THE EMERGENCE OF THE FILIPINO SENSE OF
NATIONHOOD
Development of Filipino Nationalism
● Liberal regime of Carlos Ma. Dela Torre
○ Carlos Ma. dela Torre - appointed as
Governor-General in the Philippines.
○ With his assumption into office, he
demonstrated his democratic and
liberal philosophy in governing the
country
○ For the first time, the Filipinos were
allowed to talk about freedom and
democracy openly
○ Abolished censorship of press that
motivated Father Burgos and other
Filipino clergy to work for the
Filipinization of parishes throughout
the country.
○ Filipinos serenaded him on the night
of July 12 1869
○ As consequence Father Burgos and
other clergy were motivated in the
Filipinization of parishes
○ Was removed from office after the
restoration of the Spanish monarchy
and the return of conservatism in
Spain, dela Torre was removed from
office.
● Rise of class media
○ Class media - new middle class
○ Came from a small class of mestizos
and the principalia or the ruling elite
○ Able to send their sons for education
in Europe because of the country’s
opening to foreign trade
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○ Being educated in Europe, these sons
of prosperous families were able to
see the difference of European and
Filipino societies. They became
disillusioned with Spain after
witnessing how more progressive are
the states of other countries. From
their ranks emerged Filipino
propagandists clamoring for change in
the Philippines.
■ Mestizo/as
● Racial discrimination
■ Principalia
■ Indios
● Secularization controversy
● Opening of the Philippines to world
commerce
○ A consequence of Spain’s adoption of
the laissez-faire policy
○ With the entry of foreign products and
businessmen, the economic isolation
of the Philippines was ended
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○ Liberal ideas also entered the country.
John Locke’s “Theory of Revolution”
and Jean Jacques Rousseau’s “Social
Contract Theory” was introduced
■ Theory of Revolution
○ People could overthrow a government
that's not working for the governed
■ Social Contract Theory
○ A government is an agreement
between the ruler and the rules to
govern for the welfare of the rules
○ Other liberal ideas:
■ Equality before the law
■ Freadon of speech
■ Freedom of religion
■ Freedom of Assembly
■ Protection of human rights
■ Representation in the
legislature
○ Another factor that contributed to the
development of the Filipinos’ sense of
nationhood
○ The Spaniards considered the
Filipinos an inferior race and
sarcastically called them Indios.
Discrimination towards the Filipinos
were prevalent in the universities,
government offices, church, and the
Court of Justice.
○ Discrimination towards the Filipinos
were prevalent in the universities,
government offices, church, and the
Court of Justice.
○ Fray Miguel de Bustamente portrayed
the Filipino in his pamphlet entitled “Si
Tandang Basyong Macunat” as an
individual with low mental ability,
incapable of acquiring European
education, and fitted only to work in
the fields and tend to carabaos.
○ This kind of attack intensified the
enmity between Filipinos and
Spaniards. This led them to realize
that the Spaniards and the Filipinos
were two separate, distinct peoples.
○ Secularization of parishes was the
transfer of the ministries established
by the regular Spanish clergy to the
Filipino seculars.
○ The controversy began as a religious
issue then later on became a racial
controversy between the friars and the
Filipino secular clergy.
○ Fr. Pedro Pelaez, an insulares, who
rose to the position of vicar capitular
of Manila. He led the fight against
royal decrees turning secular parishes
over to the friars.
○ Fr. Pelaez appealed to Queen Isabella
II but the earthquake that occurred in
Manila took his life. The struggle for
equality was then temporarily stopped.
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 RIZAL 100
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○ Fr. Burgos continued the struggle avenge one day so many victims…”
started by his former professor. He Rizal Letter to Ponce
exerted all efforts to defend the ○ “… and with this idea in mind I have
Filipino clergy from the attacks of the been studying and this can be read in
Spanish regulars. all my works and writings. God will
○ Fr. Burgos appealed to the Spanish someday give me an opportunity to
queen to give the Filipino priests the carry out my promise. Good! May they
chance to prove that they can equal commit abuses, let there be
the Spanish regulars imprisonments, banishments,
○ The controversy led to the unification executions, good. Let destiny be
of the Filipino clergy, which in effect, fulfilled! The day they lay their hands
strengthened their sense of identity. on us, the day they martirize innocent
For the first time, the word “Filipino” families for our fault, goodbye friar
meant not only the Filipino Spaniards; government, and perhaps goodbye
now it included the native clergy Spanish government.”
● The Cavite Mutiny of 1872
○ On the night of January 20, 1872, a
mutiny broke out among Filipino
soldiers in the arsenal of Cavite under
the leadership of Sgt. La Madrid.
○ This mutiny was brought about by
Izquierdo’s abolition of their exemption
from tributes and forced labor, which
the soldiers previously enjoyed.
○ Spanish authorities arrested
liberal-minded Filipinos.
○ The incident was exaggerated by the
Spaniards to implicate Fathers José
Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto
Zamora, due to their active
involvement in the campaign for the
secularization of parishes. These
three priests were executed by garrote
for alleged complicity in the rebellion.
○ GomBurZa - hailed as true martyrs of
the fatherland.
○ The martyrdom of GomBurZa was a
turning point in Philippine history. It
ushered in an era of peaceful
campaign for reforms to counter the
evils of the Spanish Regime, known in
our history as the Propaganda
Movement.
● Rizal and the Cavite Mutiny of 1872
○ Rizal was still very young when the
mutiny broke out. Although at his
tender age, Rizal was already
cognizant of the deplorable conditions
of the country.
○ When he heard of the martyrdom of
GomBurZa, he changed his mind and
swore to dedicate his life to vindicate
the victims of Spanish oppression
○ Without 1872 there would not be now
either a Plaridel, or Jaena, nor
Sanciano, or would there exist brave
and generous Filipino colonies in
Europe; Without 1872, Rizal would be
a Jesuit now and instead of writing the
Noli Me Tangere, would have written
the opposite. At the sight of those
injustices and cruelties, while still a
child, my imagination was awakened
and I swore to devote myself to

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