TISSUES AND MEMBRANES PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

• appears to have several layers because cell nuclei are at various

levels
Levels of Organization • Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium contains cells that
extend to surface and secrete mucus (goblet cells) or bear cilia
• Pseudostratified non-ciliated columnar epithelium contains cells
without cilia and lacks goblet cells
• Ciliated variety lines airways of most of upper respiratory tract
• Non-ciliated lines larger ducts of many glands, epididymis, and
part of male urethra

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

• two or more layers of cells; cells in apical layer and several
layers deep to it are squamous
 Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
 Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• Keratinized variety forms superficial layer of skin
Cell - The functional • Nonkeratinized variety lines wet surfaces (lining of mouth,
unit of the human body esophagus, part of epiglottis, part of pharynx, and vagina) and
covers tongue
Tissue - Groups of cells • Protection against abrasion, water loss, ultraviolet radiation, and
that are similar in foreign invasion
structure and function
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
• two or more layers of cells; cells in apical layer are cube -
shaped; fairly rare type
• Ducts of adult sweat glands and esophageal glands, part of male
Epithelium Classification
urethra
- arranged in one or more
• Protection; limited secretion and absorption

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

• Basal layers consist of shortened, irregularly shaped cells; only
apical layer has columnar cells
• Uncommon
• Lines part of urethra; large excretory ducts of some glands, such
as esophageal glands; small areas in anal mucous membrane;
part of conjunctiva of eye
• Protection and secretion

layers depending on function
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EPITHELIAL TISSUE COVERING AND LINING EPITHELIUM
SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
• single layer of flat cells
• centrally located nucleus that is flattened and oval or spherical
in shape
• Lines cardiovascular and lymphatic system (endothelium)
• Forms epithelial layer of serous membranes (Mesothelium)
• Also found in air sacs of lungs, glomerular capsule of kidneys
• Secretion, filtration, diffusion
SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
• single layer of cube-shaped cells; round, centrally located
nucleus
• Covers surface of ovary; lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts
of many glands; makes up secreting portion of some glands such
as thyroid gland and ducts of some glands such as pancreas
• Secretion and absorption
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
• Ciliated
 Single layer of ciliated columnlike cells with oval
nuclei near base of cells
 Lines some bronchioles (small tubes) of respiratory
tract, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus,
• Non-ciliated
 single layer of nonciliated columnlike cells with oval
nuclei near base of cells
 Lines gastrointestinal tract (from stomach to anus),
ducts of many glands, and gallbladder
Goblet cells – modified simple columnar cells
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
• variable appearance
• Lines urinary bladder and portions of ureters and urethra
• Allows urinary organs to stretch and maintain protective lining
while holding variable amounts of fluid without rupturing
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
most abundant and widely distributed tissues in the body
Functions:
 binds, supports, strengthens other body tissues
 protects and insulates internal organs
 Compartmentalizes structures such as skeletal
 muscles serve as the major transport system within
 the body primary location of stored energy reserves
 main source of immune responses.
Classification of connective tissue
 Fibrous
 Cartilage
 Adipose
DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Dense Regular Connective
 forms shiny white extracellular matrix; mainly collagen
 Location Forms tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
 Function Strong attachment between various structures. Tissue
structure withstands pulling (tension) along long axis of fibers.
 Dense Irregular Connective
• made up of collagen fibers; usually irregularly arranged with a
few fibroblasts
• Often occurs in sheets, such as fasciae, reticular (deeper)
region of dermis of skin, fibrous pericardium of heart,
periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules,
 membrane capsules around various organs (kidneys, liver,
testes, lymph nodes); also
Elastic Connective Tissue
 contains predominantly elastic fibers with fibroblasts between
them; unstained tissue is yellowish
 Lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes,
true vocal cords, suspensory ligaments of penis, some ligaments
between vertebrae
 Allows stretching of various organs; is strong and can recoil to
original shape after being stretched
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• fine interlacing network of reticular fibers (thin form of
collagen fiber) and reticular cells
• Stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes; red bone marrow;
reticular lamina of basement membrane; around blood vessels
and muscles
• Forms stroma of organs; binds smooth muscle tissue cells;
filters and removes worn-out blood cells in spleen and microbes
in lymph nodes
 AREOLARCONNECTIVE TISSUE
• most widely distributed connective tissues
• Arranged randomly and several kinds of cells
• Embedded in semifluid ground substance
• In and around nearly every body structure; subcutaneous layer
deep to skin; lamina propria of mucous membranes; around
blood vessels, nerves, and body organs
Adipose Cells - derived from fibroblasts; specialized for storage of
triglycerides (fats) as a large, centrally located droplet
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CARTILAGE
Hyaline Cartilage
• (hyalinos= glassy) contains a resilient gel as ground substance
and appears in the body as a bluish-white, shiny substance
• prominent chondrocytes are found in lacunae surrounded by
perichondrium
• Most abundant cartilage in body; at ends of long bones, anterior
ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial
tubes, embryonic and fetal skeleton
• Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility, and
support; weakest type of cartilage and can be fractured
Elastic Cartilage
• chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibers within
extracellular matrix; perichondrium present
• Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis), part of external ear (auricle),
auditory (eustachian) tubes
• Provides strength and elasticity; maintains shape of certain
structures
Fibrocartilage
• chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen
fibers within extracellular matrix; lacks perichondrium
• Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci (cartilage pads)
of knee, portions of tendons that insert into cartilage
• Support and joining structures together. Strength and rigidity
make it the strongest type of cartilage
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MUSCLE
Skeletal Muscle
• consists of long, cylindrical, striated fibers (striations are
alternating light and dark bands within fibers that are visible
under a light microscope)
• Voluntary
• attached to bones by tendons
• Motion, posture, heat production, protection
Cardiac Muscle
• branched, striated fibers with usually only one centrally located
nucleus
• intercalated discs are present
• Involuntary
• Heart wall
• Pumps blood to all parts of body
Smooth Muscle
• consists of fibers usually involuntary, nonstriated (lack
striations, hence the term smooth)
• small spindle-shaped cell thickest in middle, tapering at each
end, and containing a single, centrally located nucleus
• Iris of eyes; walls of hollow internal structures such as blood
vessels, airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder,
urinary bladder, and uterus
• Involuntary
• Motion
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VASCULAR TISSUE
• Description Blood plasma and formed elements: red blood cells
(erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), platelets
(thrombocytes)
• Location Within blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries,
venules, veins), within chambers of heart
• Function
• Red blood cells: transport oxygen and some carbon dioxide;
• white blood cells: carry on phagocytosis and mediate allergic
reactions and immune system responses
• platelets: essential for blood clotting
TISSUE MEMBRANES
Serous Membrane
• (SE¯R-us watery) or serosa lines a body cavity that does not
open directly to the exterior (thoracic or abdominal cavities),
and it covers the organs that are within the cavity
• Serous membranes consist of areolar connective tissue covered
by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
Mucous Membrane
• mucosa (mu¯-KO¯ -sa) lines a body cavity that opens directly to
the exterior. Mucous membranes line the entire digestive,
respiratory, and reproductive tracts, and much of the urinary
tract. They consist of a lining layer of epithelium and an
underlying layer of connective tissue
Synovial Membrane
• (si-NO¯ -ve¯-al; syn= together, referring here to a place where
bones come together; -ova= egg, because of their resemblance to
the slimy egg white of an uncooked egg) line the cavities of
freely movable joints (joint cavities).
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Nervous Tissue
Nervous tissue consists of:
• (1) Neurons (nerve cells), which consist of cell body and
processes extending from cell body (one to multiple dendrites
and a single axon)
• (2) neuroglia, which do not generate or conduct nerve impulses
but have other important supporting functions.
Location: Nervous system.
Function
• Exhibits sensitivity to various types of stimuli; converts stimuli
into nerve impulses (action potentials); conducts nerve impulses
to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands