Unit 3 : Tissues and Membranes

• Describe the general characteristics of each of the four major categories of tissues.
• Describe the functions of the types of epithelial tissues with respect to the organs in
which they are found.
• Explain the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands, and give an example of
eaching Outcomes
• Describe the functions of the connective tissues, and relate them to the functioning of the
body or a specific organ system.
• Explain the differences, in terms of location and function, among skeletal muscle, smooth
muscle, and cardiac muscle.Learning Out
• Name the three parts of a neuron and state the function of each. Name the organs made of
nerve tissue.
• Describe the locations and state the functions of various epithelial and
connective tissue membranes.

TISSUEE
• a group of cells with similar structure & function

HISTOLOGY
• the study of tissues

MEMBRANES
• sheets of tissue that cover or line surfaces or that separate organs or
parts of organs from one another
s of Tissues:
Major Categories of Tissue
1. Epithelial Tissue
• also called epithelium (plural: epithelia)
• covers body surfaces, forms glands, and lines body cavities, hollow
organs, & ducts
Overview
2. Connective Tissue
• protects & supports the body & its organs
• binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, & provides immunity
Overvie
3. Muscular Tissue
• movement is its main function
• specialized to contract & bring about movement
Overview
4. Nervous Tissue
• coordinates body activities to help maintain homeostasis
• specialized to generate and transit electrical impulses
Epithelial Tissue
• general characteristics:
 have a free surface exposed to the outside, to a body cavity or
lining of an internal organ
 receive oxygen & nutrients from blood supply of connective tissue under its
basement membrane
 avascular or lack blood vessels
 their cells readily divide & heal rapidly
 their cells are tightly packed
Two Basic Categories of Epitheliumategories of Epithelium:
1. Covering & Lining Epithelium
• covers or lines various parts of the body
Epithelial Tis
Covering & Lining Epithelium
Based on arrangement of layers:
Simple epithelium • single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium • two or more layers of cells
Pseudostratified epithelium • single layer but appears to have more
layers

Cla
Covering & Lining Epithelium
Based on Cell Shapes
Squamous epithelium • flat & thin cells
• allows rapid passage ofsubstances
Cuboidal epithelium • cube-shaped cells
• usually function for secretion & absorption
• may have microvilli on free surface
Columnar epithelium • tall & thin cells
• usually function for secretion & absorption
• may have microvilli or cilia on free surface
Transitional epithelium • cells change shape from flat to cuboidal &
back
• found in organs that can stretch (e.g.
urinary bladder)
ssification
li
SPECIFIC TYPEScific
Types:
1. Simple (covering & lining) epithelia
a) Simple squamous
b) Simple cuboidal
c) Simple columnar non-ciliated
d) Simple columnar ciliated
e) Pseudostratified columnar ciliated
Specific Types:
2. Stratified (covering & lining) epitheliaering & LiningEpithelium
a) Stratified squamous keratinized
b) Stratified squamous non-keratinized
c) Transitional

SPECIFIC TYPES
Simple (covering & lining) epithelia
Simple squamous epithelia • structure: single smooth layer of flat, thin cells
• function: diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion
• location: air sacs/alveoli (lungs), capillaries, glomeruli
(kidneys)
Simple cuboidal epithelia • structure: single layer of cube-shaped cells
• function: secretion, absorption
• location: kidney tubules, ducts of thyroid gland &
pancreas
Simple columnar non-ciliated • structure: single layer of tall cells; may contain goblet
epithelia cells that
secrete mucus &/or microvilli
• function: secretion, absorption
• location: lining of stomach & intestines

Simple columnar ciliated
epithelia
• structure: single layer of tall cells w/ cilia; may contain
goblet cells
• function: moves mucus & other substances
• location: lining of upper respiratory tract &
uterine/fallopian tubes

Pseudostratified columnar • structure:appears stratified (nuclei atvarious levels); may

ciliated epith. contain goblet cells
• function: secretion, moves mucus
• location: lining of upper respiratory tract

Stratified (covering & lining) epitheliaering
Stratified squamous
keratinized epith.
Stratified squamous non-
keratinized epith.
Transitional epith.
SPECIFIC TYPES
• structure: multiple layers of cells w/ flat, keratinized/“dead”
surface cells
• function: protection
• location: epidermis of skin
• structure: multiple layers of cells w/ flat, non-
keratinized/“living” surface cells
• function: protection
• location: lining of “wet” surfaces (mouth, vagina)
• structure:multiple layers of cells; cells have variable shape:
 - organ not stretched = cuboidal
- organ stretched = squamous
• function: stretching (usually by fluid)
• location: lining of urinary bladder & ureters

Sectional vie
Two Basic Categories of Epitheliumategories
2. Glandular Epithelium
• secrete various substances (enzymes, hormones, perspiration, milk, saliva, mucus,
etc.)
Epithelial TissClassification:ular Epithelium
1. Unicellular glands
• “one cell”
• example: goblet cells

2. Multicellular glands
• made of “many cells”
• have two types:
(a) exocrine,
(b) endocrinendular Epithelium

a) Exocrine glands - have ducts (tubes) that take secretions away from the gland
to the site of its function (e.g. skin)

b) Endocrine glands- ductless and secrete hormones released into capillaries

where blood brings it from the gland to the site
of its function

CONNECTIVE TISSUEissue
• most abundant tissue type
• general characteristics:
 have two major components:
(a) cells
(b) extracellular matrix
 extracellular matrix: a structural network or solution of non-living intercellular material
(e.g.
fluid, protein fibers)
 highly vascular (except cartilage & tendons)

7 TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUEnnective Tissue

1. Blood
2. Areolar connective tissue
3. Adipose tissue
4. Fibrous (regular & irregular)
5. Elastic connective tissue
6. Bone
7. Cartilage
Connective T
7 TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUEnnective
issue • structure:
Blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells,& platelets
matrix: plasma
function: enables transport of substances & gases
location: blood vessels
Areolar connective tissue • structure:
cells:
 fibroblasts (protein fiber-producing cells)
 mast cells (release inflammatory chemicals)
 WBCs
matrix: collagen fibers, elastic fibers
function: provides strength, elasticity, & support
location: skin (subcutaneous layer); mucous
membranes
• structure:
cells:  adipocytes (fat-storing cells)
matrix: little
function: thermal insulation, provide energy reserve,
Adipose tissue cushioning
location:skin (subcutaneous layer); around eyes,
kidneys & mammary glands
Fibrous tissue (regular) structure:
cells:  fibroblasts
matrix: collagen fibers
function: provides strong attachments
location: tendons; ligaments

Fibrous tissue (irregular) cells:  fibroblasts

matrix: collagen fibers
function: provides strength
location: dermis of skin; fascia aroundmuscles
Elastic connective tissue cells:  few fibroblasts
Connective Tissue matrix: mostly elastic fibers
function: allows stretching of various organs
location: arterial walls
Bone cells: osteocytes (bone cells)
matrix: calcium salts & collagen
function: provides mechanical support; calcium &
phosphate storage; blood cell production
location: bones of the skeletal system
Cartilage cells:chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
matrix: collagen & elastic fibers
embedded in chondroitin sulfate
function: provides smooth surface for
movement; provide support
location:wall of trachea; joint surfaces of
bones; tip of nose & outer ear;
between vertebrae
Muscular Tissue
• composed of elongated contractile muscle cells called muscle fibersTissue
• specialized for contraction (when muscle fibers contract, they shorten & bring
about movement)
Types of Muscular Tissue:
3 Types of Muscular Tissue
1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle

Muscular Tissue
MUSCULAR TISSUES
Skeletal muscle • appearance:
 striated
 long, cylindrical
 several nuclei per cell (peripherallylocated)
• control: voluntary
• function: moves the skeleton & produces heat
• location: attached to bones
Cardiac muscle • appearance:
 striated
 cylindrical, branched
 single nucleus per cell (centrallylocated)
 connected by intercalated discs
• control: involuntary
• function:pumps blood
• location: walls of the chambers of the heart
Smooth muscle • appearance:
 not striated
 spindle-shaped (tapered at each end)
 single nucleus per cell (centrallylocated)
• control: involuntary
• function: (specific; depends on location)
• location:hollow organs (stomach, small & large
intestine, urinary bladder, arteries, iris of the eye)

NERVOUS TISSUE
• forms the brain, spinal cord & peripheral nerves
• responsible forcoordinating &controlling many bodily activitiesus Tissue
• consists of two types of cells:
 neurons (nerve cells)
 neuroglia (supportingcells)
Neu
NEURONSROns
• are specialized cells that are sensitive to various stimuliNervous Tissue
• convert stimuli into nerve impulses & conduct these impulses to other neurons, to
muscle fibers, or to glands
Neuroglia
NEUROGLIA
• supporting cells that do not generate or conduct nerve impulsesvous Tissue
• they nourish, protect, & insulate the neurons
 Parts of a Neuron
1. Cell body
• contains the nucleus & is essential for the continuing life of the neuron
Nervous Tissue
2. Axon
• a process or a cellular extension that carries impulses away from the cell body
• a neuron has only one axon
Nervous Tissue
3. Dendrites
• are processes that carry impulses toward the cell body
• a neuron may have several dendrites
Membranes
Membranees
• sheets of tissue that cover or line surfaces or that separate organs or parts of organs
from one another
• many produce secretions that have specific functions

Two Major Categories of Membraneor Categories:

1. Epithelial membranes
2. Connective tissue membranes
1. Epithelial Membranes
EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES
• mostly made up of epithelial tissuebranes
• have two types: (a) serous membranes, & (b) mucous membranes
1. Epithelial membranes
a. Serous membrane

• also called “serosa”

• mostly made up of simple squamous epithelium
• lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the outside
•Secretes fluid which prevent friction
1. Epithelial membranes
• locations:
 abdominal cavity = peritoneum
 thoracic cavity:
pleural cavity = pleura
pericardial cavity = pericardium

 parietal layer
attached to the cavity wall
 visceral layer
covers & attaches to the organs inside the cavity
b. Mucous membrane
• also called “mucosa”
• lines a body cavity that opens directly to the outside
• made of epithelia which vary per location
• has goblet cells which secrete a fluid called, mucus (function depends on
location
1. Epithelial membranes
• locations:
 digestive tract
 respiratory tract (includes nasal passages & mouth)
 urinary tract
 reproductive tract
CONNECTIVE TISSUE MEMBRANESVE TISSUE
• mostly made up of connective tissue
• found in various parts of the body & have specific names

End!
Learning Outcomes
• Describe the general characteristics of each
of the four major categories of tissues.
• Describe the functions of the types of
epithelial tissues with respect to the organs
in which they are found.
• Explain the difference between exocrine and
endocrine glands, and give an example of
each

Learning Outcomes
• Describe the functions of the connective
tissues, and relate them to the functioning of
the body or a specific organ system.
• Explain the differences, in terms of location
and function, among skeletal muscle, smooth
muscle, and cardiac muscle.

Learning Outcomes
• Name the three parts of a neuron and state
the function of each. Name the organs made
of nerve tissue.
• Describe the locations and state the
functions of various epithelial and
connective tissue membranes.
Unit 3 : Tissues and Membranes