NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

LECTURE ACTIVITIES NO. 4

TISSUES

Name: Ferriel Trixshen L. Castro Section: BSNR 127 Date Submitted: 09/17/2021

I. INTRODUCTION
A tissue is a group of cells with similar structure and function, plus the extracellular substance
surrounding them.

II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.

GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERS
4.01A. Describe the general makeup of a Tissues are composed up of specialized cells that are
tissue. grouped together based on their function and shape.
Muscle is dispensed throughout the body, including
organs such as the heart.
4.02A. List and explain the general • It is almost entirely made up of cells, with only
characteristics of epithelial tissue. a small quantity of extracellular matrix
connecting them.
• At many locations on the body surface,
special cell junctions attach adjacent epithelial
cells
• Most epithelial tissues have distinct cell
surfaces on the free surface, where cells are
exposed and not connected to other cells.
• The free surface of most epithelial cells has a
distinct cell on it wherein cells are separated
to another cell.
• All epithelial sheets have an underlying layer
of connective tissue that supports cell and
matrix interactions.
• The basement membrane does not allow
underlying connective tissue to reach the
epithelium, therefore all gases and nutrients in
the blood must diffuse via the basement
membrane to reach the epithelium.
• Epithelial tissue has a strong regenerative
ability and is capable of regeneration. Some
epithelia's surface cells rub off due to friction.
4.02B. Classify epithelial tissues based on • Based on the number of cells layers
the number of cell layers and the • Simple epithelium
shape of the cells. • Stratified epithelium

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4.02C. Name and describe the various
types of epithelial tissue, including their
chief functions and locations.
• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Based on the shape of cells
•
• Squamous
• Cuboidal
• Columnar
•
Simple squamous epithelial
• Flat, hexagonal cells in a single layer.
• Function as diffusion, filtration,
secretion, and protection from friction.
• This can be found in the lining of
blood arteries and the heart and lymphatic
veins and tiny ducts
• Simple cuboidal epithelial
• A single layer of cube shaped cell
• Secretion and absorption by cells of
the kidney tubules are its functions.
• It is found in the tubules, glands, and
ducts of the kidneys, as well as the choroid
plexuses of the brain.
• Simple columnar epithelial
• Thin tall cells in a single layer
• Their job is to remove particles out of
the bronchioles of the lungs
• It can be found in the glands and
certain ducts, as well as the bronchioles of
the lungs, auditory tubes, uterus, uterine
tubes, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, bile
ducts, and brain ventricles.
• Stratified squamous epithelial
• Surface cells are cuboidal or columnar
and metabolically active, whereas basal cells
are cuboidal or columnar and flattened. Its
purpose is to protect the underlying tissues in
abrasion-prone locations. It comes in two
types: nonkeratinized and keratinized. The
nonkeratinized variant forms the linings of the
esophagus, mouth, and vaginal canals, while
the keratinized variant forms the epidermis, a
dry membrane.
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4.02D. Relate the structural
specializations of epithelial tissue
with the functions they perform.
• Stratified cuboidal epithelial
• There are two or more layers of cuboidal
cells. It protects the largest ducts such as
the sweat glands, mammary glands, and
salivary glands
• Stratified columnar epithelial
• There are several cell layers, with the
basal cells being cuboidal and the surface
cells being elongated and columnar.
• Protection and secretion
• Tiny amounts in the male urethra and
large ducts of some glands; small amounts in
the male urethra and huge ducts of some
glands.
• Pseudostratified columnar epithelial
• A single layer of cells of various
heights, some of which may not reach the free
surface; nuclei visible at various altitudes;
mucus-secreting goblet cells and cilia may be
present.
• Mucus secretion and ciliary mucus
propulsion are two distinct functions.
• The ciliated variety lines the trachea
and the bulk of the upper respiratory tract,
while the non-ciliated version is found in
spermcarrying ducts in men and big gland
ducts in women.
• Stratified epithelia are made up of two or
more layers of cells. Basal cells divide and
push apically to replace older surface cells,
allowing them to renew from the bottom up.
Simple epithelia have a longer lifespan than
stratified epithelia, and their major (but not
exclusive) purpose is to protect the body.
• Multiple cell layers with squamous surface
cells make up the stratified squamous
epithelium. In the deeper levels, the cells are
cuboidal or columnar. Of all the epithelial
kinds, this one is the thickest and best suited
for protection.
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

• The epidermis of the skin and the inner lining

of the mouth, esophagus, and vagina, as well
as the epidermis of the skin and the inner
lining of the mouth, esophagus, and vagina,
are all formed by this substance. Simply
remember that stratified squamous
epithelium is the skin's outermost layer and
reaches a precise distance into everyone's
orifice that is immediately adjacent to the
skin to find out more.
• Stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelia are
uncommon types of tissue found in sweat

glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands'

main ducts. Minor levels of stratified
columnar epithelium can be seen in the male
urethra.
• Transitional epithelium lines the inside of the
hollow urinary organs. As a result, organs
(such as the urinary bladder) stretch as they
fill with pee. The apical cells unfold and
flatten as the transitional epithelium thins
from six to three cell layers as it expands.
Sections of the apical surface invaginate into
the cell when it is relaxed, giving it a
scalloped appearance. As a result, the
epithelium's shape "transforms." It also
serves as an impermeable barrier, preventing
urine from penetrating the bladder wall.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

4.02E. Differentiate between exocrine and • Exocrine glands manufacture a variety of

endocrine glands, and unicellular and products, many of which are well-known. All
multicellular exocrine glands release their products onto
body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities, and
multicellular exocrine glands have ducts that
carry their product to the epithelial surfaces
(such as the digestive tube). Endocrine glands
are referred to as ductless glands because
they lack ducts. They secrete directly into the
tissue fluid around them. Hormones are
endocrine gland messenger molecules that
are discharged into the extracellular area.
• Unicellular Organisms' Exocrine Glands A
single-celled exocrine gland, the goblet cell, is
the only notable example. A goblet cell has
the shape of a goblet, which is a stemmed
drinking glass. Goblet cells can be found in
the epithelial lining of the intestines and
respiratory tubes, in addition to columnar
cells with different functions.
• Multicellular Organisms' Exocrine Glands
Each multicellular exocrine gland is made up
of a secretory unit that includes the secretory
epithelium and an epithelial-walled duct.

4.02F. Categorize glands based on their Simple tubular gland

structure and function. • Simple tubular glands are one of the odder

structures, looking in cross-section like a straight test

tube submerged in tissue.

Compound gland
• A gland containing vast excretory channels that
branch into smaller ducts, eventually draining
secretory units. These glands are in the lining of the
intestines and exude mucus to aid in the transit of
digested waste through the intestines.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4.03A. Describe the classification of
connective tissue and give
examples of each major type.
• Areolar connective tissue, which lies beneath
most epithelia, surrounds capillaries. Its
primary functions are to (1) support and bind
other tissues with its fibers (collagen,
reticular, elastic), (2) hold tissue fluid in its
jellylike ground substance, (3) fight infection
with its many blood-derived defense cells
(macrophages, plasma cells, neutrophils,
etc.), and (4) store nutrients in fat cells.
• The adipose connective tissue, like the
areolar connective tissue, is dominated by fat
cells that transport nutrients. This white fat is
abundant in the hypodermis, or layer beneath
the skin. Heat is produced by brown fat,
which is found in both babies and adults.
• Only reticular fibers, which are like areolar
fibers, exist in reticular connective tissue. This
results in cavern networks containing free
blood cells. Reticulated tissue can be found in
the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
• Collagen strands in dense connective tissue
are extraordinarily thick and can sustain large
pulling pressures. In dense, irregular
connective tissue, collagen fibers run in a
variety of directions. The dermis of the skin
and the capsules of organs includes this
tissue.
• Reticular connective tissue has solely reticular
fibers, which are like areolar fibers. This
results in cavern networks containing free
blood cells. The spleen, lymph nodes, and
bone marrow all have reticular tissue.
• Collagen strands in dense connective tissue
are extraordinarily thick and can sustain large
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4.04A. Discuss the three types of muscle
tissue by describing their general
structures, their locations in the body, and
their functions.
pulling pressures. In dense, irregular
connective tissue, collagen fibers run in a
variety of directions. The dermis of the skin
and the capsules of organs includes this
tissue.
• Connective tissue (cells and matrix) underpins
cartilage and bone, yet their stiff matrix
permits them to resist compression. Their
cells are found in the lacunae, or vacant
spaces, of the matrix. Cartilage is elastic and
avascular. Water makes up most of its matrix.
• In bone tissue, calcium salts are lodged in a
hard, collagen-rich matrix. The compressive
strength of bones is enhanced by this mineral.
• The red and white blood cells in blood are
suspended in a fluid matrix called plasma. It's
the most unusual type of connective tissue.
Skeletal muscle
• Long, massive cylinders containing many
nuclei. The striated or banded appearance of their
myofilaments suggests a well-organized
arrangement.
• It's connected to the bones.
• Its job is to move the body around.
Cardiac muscle
• Cells with a cylindrical branching pattern.
• It is in the heart.
• Blood is propelled through the blood vessels
by this force.
Smooth muscle
• These cells are elongated with tapering ends
and have a single nucleus in the middle.
• It can be found in hollow organs, blood
vessels, eyes, glands, and skin walls.
• It transports food through the digestive tract,
empties the urine bladder, controls blood vessel
diameter, and adjusts pupil size
•
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
4.05A. Describe the functions of nervous
tissue and the structure of a
neuron.
4.06A. List the structural and functional
characteristics of mucous, serous,
and synovial membranes.
4.07A. Describe the process of
inflammation in response to tissue
damage and explain how
Nervous tissue is mostly located in the nervous
organs—the brain, spinal cord, and nerves—and
supervises and controls body function. There are two
types of cells in this structure: neurons and
supporting cells. It oversees coordinating and
managing the body's functions. It promotes muscle
contraction, raises environmental awareness, and
influences emotions, memory, and thought.
On neurons, dendrites are a sort of extension. They
resemble protruding branches or spikes from the cell
body. The dendrites' surfaces receive a lot of
chemical information from other neurons. The only
extension that is unique from the others is the axon.
Ectodermal linings make up mucous membranes. The
mucous membrane linings of the digestive,
respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tubes all
open to the outside. Mucous membranes line and
protect your body's inside.
The serous membrane is made up of two layers of
mesothelium connected by a loose connective tissue
layer atop a basal lamina. Serous membranes protect
internal organs from friction and also serve as
selectively permeable barriers that prevent
substantial volumes of fluid from accumulating
within the serous cavities.
A connective tissue layer lines joint cavities, tendon
sheaths, and bursae.
When tissues are harmed by infection, stress, toxins,
heat, or any other reason, an inflammatory reaction
(inflammation) ensues. Histamine, bradykinin, and
prostaglandins are among the substances released
by injured cells. These drugs produce swelling by
causing blood vessels to leak fluid into the tissues.
The inflammatory response activates the body's
defenses, separates, and eliminates bacteria and
other potentially harmful substances, and removes
foreign materials and injured cells from the body,
allowing tissue regeneration to begin.
©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University

4.08A. Explain the major events involved
in tissue repair.
During tissue repair, cells migrate fast into the
wound site and finally form granulation tissue. Tissue
repair after inflammation may entail tissue
regeneration, fibrosis (scarring), or both. The first
step in mending a cut is organization, which entails
removing the clot and replacing it with granulation
tissue. Collagen deposition causes scar tissue to
replace granulation
tissue.

4.09A. Describe the age-related changes
that occur in cells and in extracellular
matrix.
At the tissue level, age-related changes affect cells
and the extracellular components they create. Cell
division is slower in older people's cells in general.
Even when the number of collagen fibers grows, the
structure of the fibers becomes increasingly irregular.
Collagen-rich connective tissues, such as tendons and
ligaments, become less flexible and more fragile as a
result. Elastic fibers break down, become calcium
ions, and lose their elasticity. Elastic connective
tissues lose their elasticity as a result. Reduced
flexibility and elasticity of connective tissue in elderly
people causes increased wrinkling of the skin as well
as an increased risk of bones breaking.

III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you
have learned on this activity.

I gain insight about different structures of tissue. It has several types according to shape and
size which I was really amazed on how they differ to each other.

©
Biofacultymember2020