Histology: First Semester A.Y. 2021 - 2022

HISTOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE | PROF. FRANCIS IAN L. SALAVER, RMT, MD | PRELIMS A.Y. 2021 - 2022
GRANDULAR EPITHELIUM
GLANDS • Appreciate the light-colored cells inserted among the
• Composed of cells that are specialized to produce epithelial cells, these are now the individual goblet
and secret substances into ducts or into body fluids cells
o Most of the type it is the blood circulation • One goblet cell is pointed by the blue arrow
• They can be classified based on: • Why do you think it’s very important for the
1. Number of cells respiratory tract epithelium to have goblet cells
o Unicellular (goblet cells) or Multicellular inserted among the cells?
o Unicellular – one cell in the gland (goblet o Goblet cells specialized in producing mucus. Air
cells) that we inhale contains microbes.
GOBLET CELLS o For these microbes to be filtered out from the air
• Composed of a single cell (unicellular) so that once the air will reach the alveoli it is
• Interspersed among other nonsecretory epithelial already micro free, the microbes will be captured
cells or trapped by the mucus
• Goblet cells are interspersed, inserted, among the • The main purpose of the cilia in there is to expel the
epithelial cells of respiratory tract and intestine mucus along with the trapped microbes out into the
• Respiratory tracked in commonly lined by air every time we exhale
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium • Goblet cells are modified epithelial cells that mucus
• If you are going to take a look at the lining epithelium produce into the surface of the airways and digestive
of the respiratory tract, expect that inserted among system.
the cells of the pseudostratified ciliated columnar • Airway – pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium are the goblet cells epithelium
• Goblet cells are specialized in producing mucus • Goblet cells produce mucus to trap bacteria and other
which can have an important function for the foreign substances in the inhaled air
respiratory tract organs and the intestines
• Found in respiratory tract and intestines
• Secretes mucus
• Can be stained by Periodic acid Schiff and Alcian
blue
o Periodic acid Schiff – red color
o Alcian blue – blue color
GOBLET (UNICELLULAR)
• The picture above shows the trachea. This organ is

support by c-shaped tracheal cartilages (anteriorly
and laterally).
• Since the cartilages are c-shaped, you are not
supposed to find cartilage on the posterior end of the
trachea
• The picture above is the lining epithelium of the

respiratory tract (pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelium)
• There is the presence of cilia on the apical portions of
the lining epithelia
TELETUBBIES | BSMLS 2F 1
• The picture shows the cut section of trachea. The • The purpose of the goblet cell is to produce mucus so
cartilage assumes a letter c shape that will support that it can trap microorganisms in the air
the trachea anteriorly and laterally. The c-shaped • The cilia create movement (ciliary movement) that
cartilage is not extending up to the posterior end of will propel the mucus out of the body
the trachea
• Glands – on top of the glands is the lining epithelium
of the trachea (pseudostratified ciliated columnar) and
as mentioned the pseudostratified ciliated columnar
of the respiratory tract should have goblet cells
• The blue arrow is pointing to the area where you can • Intestine – goblet cells produce mucus to provide
find the lining epithelium of the trachea. lubrication for the peristalsis of digested food
• The cut section of trachea will be viewed under the • The picture above is an example of lining epithelium
high power or oil immersion of the intestine (simple columnar epithelium)
• As you can see in the right picture, the glands are • Simple columnar epithelium because there is only
immediately positioned beside the cartilage. Most one layer of cells. Notice that the nuclei are almost in
likely the sun structure on the top is where the lining the same level, and it indicates that there’s only one
epithelium is located layer of epithelium. Also, the cells are tall, so they look
like columns
• There are whitish cells inserted among the simple
columnar epithelium of the intestine and those whitish
cells in there are the goblet cells
• The mucus produced by the goblet cell will provide
lubrication to the movement of the food will not
cause discomfort because the digested material will
just glide through the lumen of the intestine
• The structures pointed by two blue arrow are light

staining. These are the goblet cells inserted among
the epithelial cells of the trachea.
• The finger like structures in the picture are actually the

villi of the small intestine
• The lining of the villi contains only one layer of cell
since the nuclei are almost at the same level. Also,
the cells are tall, therefore the lining epithelium is
simple columnar.
• The colorless or whitish cells inserted among the • The cells in the picture above are composed of one
columnar cells of the small intestine are the goblet layer of cells and these cells are tall that will give an
cells idea that it is from the intestine (simple columnar)
• Inserted among them are the red colored cells stained
by Periodic acid Schiff and those are the goblet cells
• Again, the purpose of the mucus produced by the • The Alcian blue will impart blue color to the goblet
goblet cells in the lining epithelium of the intestine is cells. This will prove that goblet cells are unicellular,
to provide lubrication for the peristalsis will happen and they can be incorporated in the lining epithelium
without causing abdominal pain or discomfort of the respiratory tract and the intestine
• Remember that the only unicellular gland in the body
are the goblet cells
SALIVARY GLAND (MULTICELLULAR)
• There are special stains for goblet cells: Periodic Acid

Schiff or Alcian Blue
• The picture above shows how the submandibular will
• Periodic acid Schiff will particularly stain the mucin
look like under the microscope and you can see
component of the mucus which has carbohydrates.
multiple cells
Usually imparts red color
• Therefore, all the gland in the body except goblet cells
• Those red colored cells in the picture above are the
are multicellular
goblet cell
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
• Glandular epithelium can be also classified based on
where they release their secretion or product
• Exocrine – secrete directly from a duct
• Endocrine – if there is no presence of a duct (duct
less)
• They can be classified based on:
o Absence or presence of Ducts
▪ Exocrine versus Endocrine
EXOCRINE VS. ENDOCRINE
• Exocrine = secrete substances into ducts that open
onto surfaces or lining epithelium
• Endocrine = secrete substances (hormones) into
blood and these glands are ductless
• If the product is released directly to the bloodstream
or any other body fluid, it will not be referred to as
hormone
• On the right side of the picture above you can see that
it has a duct, and the secretion is released through
the duct, therefore it is an exocrine gland
• The gland beside it doesn’t have a duct. Instead, it is
surrounded by the red colored blood vessels or
capillaries meaning endocrine glands release their
• The structure on the left is lined by those white
secretion directly to the bloodstream
colored cells and it is continuous with the lining
epithelium. That structure is the duct, therefore it is an
exocrine gland
• The cells of the gland on the right side of the picture
are surrounded by two red colored structure
representing the blood vessels. As indicated by the
arrow, the cells are secreting their substance directly
into the blood stream, therefore it is an endocrine
gland
DEVELOPMENT OF GLANDS
• This is the summary on how we form our exocrine
glands and endocrine glands which both of them are
• Both endocrine glands and exocrine glands are derived from the lining epithelium
derived from the lining epithelium of the organs where • The lining epithelium would have cells that will
they are located replicate or proliferate. As the cells proliferate, they
• To form the glands, there must be the proliferation of will form a structure that will invaginate into the
the cells that are derived from the lining epithelium underlying connective tissue
• If the proliferating cells will still maintain their • If that growing structure will remain attached to the
continuity with the lining epithelium where they are lining epithelium, it will become the exocrine gland
derived, they will now form the exocrine glands. The • The proximal portion of that gland will become the
point of attachment to the lining epithelium is now duct and the distal portion will become the secretory
called the duct portion
• Some glands will totally detach from the lining • If the developing structure will detach from the lining
epithelium to which they are derived from. As this epithelium then it will mature to become the endocrine
glands develop further, they are slowly enveloped or gland
surrounded by capillaries and this will eventually
• Develop as invagination of the epithelium into the
become the endocrine glands underlying vascular connective tissue.
• Distal part forms glandular or Secretory end Piece • Pointed by the yellow arrows are the ducts. Ducts
– functionally an active portion can be lined by simple cuboidal or simple columnar
• Proximal part – Excretory Duct – opens on the epithelium as shown in the picture
surface of the epithelium = Exocrine Duct
• Some cells get detached from the epithelial surface –
Ductless or endocrine glands
• The picture pointed by the yellow in the picture above

are the ducts.
• As you can see, they are lined by simple columnar
• Exocrine gland has two parts: epithelium
o The proximal part will eventually become the duct
which is the one continuous with the lining
epithelium
o The distal part will mature to from the secretory
portion. This is where the substances and
chemicals of the glands are produced
• The picture above, the yellow arrows are pointing to

the distal portion of the gland, and this is the secretory
potion of the gland
• The green arrows are pointing to the ducts
• Assignment: Look for the four ducts in the picture

• REVIEW!
o Glands can be classified based on the number of
cells that you can find I them. We have the
unicellular for goblet cells and multicellular for the
rest of the glands in the body
o We can also classify glands based on whether
hey have ducts or not, exocrine glands and
endocrine glands
• The picture above shows a multicellular gland
o From this portion until the last part, it will be more • In gland A, releases its secretion by the distraction of
about the exocrine glands the cells of the gland. The entire cell undergoes lysis
o The third way to classify it is to classify glands in for the substance to be released. In the picture, some
the body base on how those cells in the glands cells are undergoing mitosis. This is called
release their secretion into the duct HOLOCRINE.
• They can be classified based on: TYPES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS
o Manner of secretion MEROCRINE
▪ Merocrine • Release watery, protein-rich fluid by exocytosis
▪ Apocrine o Salivary glands
▪ Holocrine o Sweat glands
o Pancreas
• MERO ako laway (salivary gland), MERO ako pawis
(sweat glands)
• MERO ako papa (pancreas)
• The yellow-colored cells are representing the duct
portion of the exocrine glands
• The red colored cells are representing the secretory
portion
• In gland B, for the cells of the gland to release the

secretion. They will release it to the duct through
exocytosis
o You have a vacuole inside which may contain the
substance which is supposed to be released. The • There is no significant damage to the cells in the
vacuole will fuse with the membrane through picture above since the substance is just released
exocytosis and the substance is release to the through exocytosis
lumen and into the duct APOCRINE
o Merocrine Glands – do not have to destroy a • Lose small portions of their cell body during secretion
part of a cell for the product to be released. The • The apical portion of the cell is removed in order for
main reason why the product is released through the secretory product to be released
exocytosis • The pinched apical portion of the cell will become part
• In gland C, as the cells release the substance into the of the secretion
duct, they will lose a portion of their apex so that the • Two examples:
products will be released to the ducts. Since there is o Mammary glands
a lost in the apical portion of the cell, this gland is o Ceruminous gland of the ear
called APOCRINE GLAND ▪ The one that produces the earwax
• Sebaceous Glands of the Skin

HOLOCRINE o Drain directly to the hair follicle to release sebum
• Entire cell lyses (breaks apart) during secretion just to (to keep the hair from drying, and is rich from fatty
release the secretory product acid, that’s why it could also kill bacteria that
• Cells found at the base are undergoing mitosis to would enter the hair follicle and cause infection).
replace the cells that have undergone lysis
• Two type of Holocrine Glands
o Sebaceous glands of the skin
o Meibomian glands of the eyelids
• Meibomian Glands of the Eyelids

o Special type of glands that can be found on the
posterior side of the eyelid (found on the surface
of the eyelid that is gliding through the
cornea/anterior part of the eye). This gland
function to produce mucus so that there will be
lubrication.
SEROUS GLANDS
• Produces enzymes or protein-rich fluid
o Digestion of nutrients
• Salivary Gland is an example of merocrine gland. It o Dark-stained
releases its secretory product via exocytosis
• Mammary Gland is an example of apocrine gland.
The apical portion of the cell has to be removed in
order for the secretory product to be released
• Sebaceous Gland in an example of holocrine gland.
The cells on top are undergoing lysis while the base
are undergoing cell replication
• Here, it is about what are they releasing. Meaning
regardless of whether exocytosis or cell lysis or
removal of the apical portion of the cell, this part would
deal much on what is the content of the secretion
o Type of secretion • The cells surrounding the duct are dark stained and
▪ Serous – enzyme (dark stained) they have spherical nuclei typical of a serous cell
▪ Mucous – mucus MUCUOUS GLANDS
SEROUS CELLS • Produces mucus
• If the cells are dark stained that’s a clue that the cells o Light Stained
are serous cells. These serous cells are producing
enzymes or proteins
• The nuclei of the serous cells are situated in the
center, and they are spherical
MUCOUS CELLS
• If the cells of the gland are light stained that’s a clue
that those cells are mucous cells. From the name
itself, it is producing mucus
• The nuclei of the mucous cells are found in the base,
and they are flattened.
• The cells surrounding the ducts are all light stained

and the nuclei of the cells are situated at the based
and they are flattened
• The yellow arrow is pointing to a duct

• The green arrow is pointing to a dark stained gland.
Most likely it is a Serous type of gland, and it is
capable of producing enzyme and protein. The nuclei • We have two shapes for glands. We have the terms
of the cell are spherical and somehow found almost tubular and acinar. Some books would refer acinar
at the center of the cells as alveolar
• The red arrow is pointing to a light stained gland. Most
likely it is a Mucous gland. The nuclei are found in the
base, and they are flattened
• Now you have an idea that this gland can produce
both an enzyme and a mucus
• Number of cells – multicellular
• Exocrine due to the presence of ducts
• Type of secretion – since there are presence of
serous cells and mucous cells, this gland is capable
of producing both enzymes and proteins
• The yellow arrow pointing to a duct

• The red arrow pointing to a light stained gland
(mucous gland. Also, the nuclei are flattened • Blue arrow is pointing at a club-shape gland
• The green arrow pointing to a serous gland because • If the gland has a club shape, then you refer to that
it is dark stained and the nuclei are round in shape as acinar or alveolar
and almost found in the center • If you are going to make a think section of that gland
and view it under the microscope, you will see that the
cells of that particular acinar gland are dark stained.
• Therefore, you can assume that the acinar gland are
serous glands (because their cells are dark stained);
they are capable of producing proteins and enzymes
• We can conclude, if you see a dark staining gland
under the microscope, you can always imagine that
the shape of the gland before it was cut into thin
section is acinar.
• Look at the yellow arrow, it is pointing to a gland that
has a shape like a test tube. The reason why it is
called tubular gland.
• All of the in the tubular glands are light stained.
Meaning, they are mucous cells and they are
producing mucus.
• Looking at the picture, since this gland has both the
acinar/serous and tubular/mucus gland, you can
assume that this gland is a mixed type
o Type of morphology
▪ Simple
▪ Compound
▪ Acinar/Alveolar • Now, we will have the terms Acinar/Alveolar and
Tubular
▪ Tubular
TYPE OF MORPHOLOGY • I want you to take a look at the first gland. As you can
see, the gland is shaped like a test tube. Most likely
that gland is tubular in shape
• Take a look at the fourth gland (first row 4th gland, left
to right). As you can see the secretory portion of the
gland has a club shape, most likely an
acinar/alveolar gland.
• In determining the morphology of the gland, we have
to combine the description that we have for the duct
and the shape of the secretory portion
• Let’s start with Simple and Compound

• Looking at the picture, you know that these glands are
exocrine glands because they have ducts and the
ducts colored blue
• If the duct of the gland is unbranched, meaning it’s not
forming branches, you call the gland as Simple
• First row of the glands, you can see their ducts (color
blue) are not branching, therefore they are simple. • All of the glands that are shown in these pictures have
• Take a look at the second row of glands. Can you unbranching ducts.(ducts are represented by the
appreciate the ducts that are branching and creating yellow colored structure)
smaller branches? That’s the time you will use the • Since all of their ducts are not branching, all of them
term Compound. are referred to as simple glands.
• I want you to take a look on the first gland on the left • Second gland. Duct is branching, use the term
side of the photo. The secretory portion is tubular in compound. Look at the shape of the secretory portion,
shape. Since you know that the duct is not branching they are club-shaped, so you use the term acinar or
and the shape of the gland is tubular, you will just alveolar. You can simply refer to this as Compound
combine the two terms. That first gland is Simple alveolar or compound acinar.
tubular. • Third gland (3rd photo). It has tubular shape glands
• Next, let’s move to the next gland. As you can see the and club shape glands. This is actually a combination
ducts is still not branching, so we’ll use the term of both tubular glands and acinar glands. Refer to it
simple. The secretory portion of the gland is as Compound tubuloacinar or compound
branching. So, it’s very important that you should refer tubuloalveolar.
to it as branched tubular. The duct is described as SHAPES OF EXOCRINE GLANDS
simple, the secretory portion/gland is described to be
branched tubular. Combine the two, it is now called
Simple branched tubular.
• Let’s move to the third gland. You can see the duct is
not branching, you use the term simple. But when you
look at the secretory portion it’s club-shaped. Most
likely it is an acinar or alveolar. Combine the two
terms, Simple acinar or simple alveolar.
• Now, move to the last photo. The duct is not
branching, you use the term simple. Now look at the
gland (secretory portion), it is actually branching. You
will describe it as branched acinar. Put them together,
you have Simple branched acinar.
• Let’s try to discuss the simple group of glands. Focus
on the gland on the left side of the photo. You have
there a non-branching duct so, use the term simple.
And then take a look at the secretory portion of the
glandular portion. It is tubular in shape so, this gland
is simple tubular gland.
• The gland beside it (2nd gland), is a non-branching
duct. But what is branching is the secretory or
glandular portion. The glandular portion is tubular in
shape. So, refer to this gland as simple branched
tubular.
• take a look at the gland in the center (3rd gland). It is
simple tubular but the glandular portion or secretory
portion is coiled. That’s why it is referred to as simple
• As you can see in this group of glands, the ductal coiled tubular. (almost similar to simple tubular it’s
portion of the gland is branching just that it is coiled)
• Take a look at the yellow colored portions of the • The 4th gland has none branching duct, so you will
glands. Can you see that they are branching? Instead use the term simple. But the secretory portion is club
of using the term simple, you will use the term shape so, you will use the term acinar or alveolar. This
compound this time. gland is simple acinar or simple alveolar.
• Look at the first gland. You can see the duct is • The 5th gland in the photo has a non-branching duct
branching and at the terminal ends of the duct, you but the glandular or secretory portion is branching.
have there the secretory portions and they are tubular And the secretory portion is club-shaped so, you will
in shape. So you will just simple refer to it as use the term simple branched alveolar or simple
Compound tubular. branched acinar.
WHERE CAN WE FIND EXAMPLES OF THIS GLANDS
IN OUR BODY?
SIMPLE TUBULAR
• Colon or large intestine
• Crypt of Lieberkuhn
• In naming compound glands, we no longer use the

term branch/branched. The term “branched” is only
used if the secretory is branching in simple types of
gland.
• In a compound type of gland, we do not anymore use
the term branched. It’s enough to use the term
compound and it would mean that the ducts are
branching and as well as the glands.
• When we say compound, two. Meaning both duct and
gland are branching.
• Take a look at the first photo. The duct (violet portion)
is branching and look at the glands, they are also • I want you to take a look at one gland shown in the
branching. Two of them are branching so use the term photo. The blue arrow is pointing to its duct (ductal
compound. Look at the shape of the gland, they are opening). You can see it’s not branched so you use
tubular so it is called compound tubular. the term simple.
• The second one (2nd gland) is most likely a • While the red arrow is pointing to the secretory
compound acinar portion of the cell. The shape is like a test tube, so
• The last one (3rd gland), take a look at it. There are you call it as simple tubular.
portions with branching acinar glands, there are
portions branching tubular glands. But since both the
duct and gland are branching, use the term
compound. Just combine compound tubuloalveolar
or compound tubuloacinar
What we will do in the succeeding discussion is to identify
where can er find examples of this glands in our body
Picture of the cross section of the large intestinal colon

• Blue arrow is pointing to the duct of the glands. You
can see it’s not branching; simple
• Red arrow, the gland has tubular shape; colon has
simple tubular gland.
• Can you appreciate the goblet cells that are
interspersed within the simple columnar epithelium of
the colon? They function for lubrication.
Let’s try to check how the colon would look like after you
will apply alcian blue stain which is specific to goblet cells.
• I am talking about the small intestine

• Small intestine has villi
• This photo is showing you the simple tubular glands
o Villi – the fingerlike projections
of the colon
• Every time the villi will project upwards, as it goes
• Since you have learned that the colon has goblet cells downwards can you appreciate that there’s that small
in it and we can apply alcian blue stain, after staining invagination that it can create before it will again
it with alcian blue you will now start to see the blue-
project upward
colored goblet cells in the lining epithelium of the
o Crypt of Lieberkuhn – small invagination
colon
• Take a look at the shape of the crypt of liebekuhn, it’s
actually simple tubular.
• This is how small intestine would look like under the

The picture above is the actual photo of our colon slide
microscope
specimen in histology laboratory in DMSF
• The blue arrow is pointing at the tip of one of the villi
• As you can see the arrow is pointing to a simple
of the small intestine. As the villi will project
tubular gland
downwards, it creates a small invagination (red
• Simple tubular gland is present in the colon but there
arrow; crypt of lieberkuhn)
is another are in the body where you can find a simple
• Shape of the crypt of lieberkuhn is simple tubular
tubular gland. However, this time it’s shorter than that
• So, we have two types of simple tubular glands:
of the colon.
o The colon and crypt of lieberkuhn of the small
intestine
SIMPLE COILED TUBULAR
• SWEAT GLAND
• Take a look at the labeled sweat gland (photo). You • Although it is coiled, this is how the sweat gland
look at the duct first of the sweat gland. As you can appear under the microscope
see, the duct is not branching. Therefore, you refer to
this gland as a simple type of gland.
• Look at the secretory portion. It’s shaped like a tube.
Therefore, it is a tubular gland
• As the sweat gland will invaginate deep to the dermis,
the terminal portion of the duct and majority of the
secretory portion will actually coil. Therefore, you will
describe the morphology of the sweat gland as
simple coiled tubular.
• Simple because the duct is not branching. Coiled
tubular because the secretory portion of the gland is
coiling.
• Simple coiled tubular = sweat glands
• This is the photo of the sweat gland.

• As you can see, the yellow colored portion is
representing the duct of the gland
• Red colored part is the secretory portion of the sweat
gland
• I hope you can still remember from our topic in the
first lecture in histology that in order for us to observe
the microscopic details of different tissues or organs
in the body, we must always prepare thin cut sections
• We will place this thin cut sections on top of slide,
stain them and view them under the microscope
• E.g. we are about to make a thin cut section of this
skin specimen where we can find the sweat gland. So
what will happen? As we make the thin cut section
(using microtome), we will be cutting through the duct
• Therefore, this portion (3rd arrow) will not be seen

under the microscope
• What will happen? As the portion of the secretory part
of the gland will curve again back to the area where
we are making the thin cut section so that particular
portion of the secretory part of the gland will again
appear under the microscope (4th arrow).
• Therefore, the duct will be seen under the microscope
• As we go deeper, we will also be cutting through the
proximal portion of the secretory part of the gland
• Let’s try to apply this particular concept on this photo

• What do you notice? The portion next to the proximal
• Let’s say we’re about to cut and prepare a thin cut
part of the gland will actually curve forward
section. As we are doing the cutting or sectioning, we
• Therefore, that curved part of the sweat gland will not
will be cutting through this portion of the gland (blue
be included in our thin section. Because, I want you
arrow)
to imagine that to prepare thin section, we must
• And imagine, the portion next to it will actually curve
always make a straight cut.
forward, therefore it will not be included in the cut
section
• But as it curves back to the area where we are cutting,
that portion (green arrow) will again be present in the
specimen that we are preparing
• The same story goes with the other structures (yellow
and white arrow) that you can see under the
microscope.
• Just try to imagine that all of these circular structures
that you see are parts of the sweat glands and they
are continuous with each other because the gland is
coiling.
• For demonstration and clear understanding, watch
Doc Ian’s video on the ppt provided. (slide 57)
• Best photo of sweat gland
• This is the skin. As you can see it is lined by stratified
squared squamous keratinized epithelium
• This is how sweat glands would appear under the

microscope
• Those circular structures are linked to each other • The structure pointed by the blue arrow is the duct of
because they are forming a continuous coiled tubular the gland, since it is not branching it is simple.
gland. • The yellow arrow is pointing at the secretory portion
of the gland. It resembles the appearance of simple
coiled tubular gland under the microscope
SIMPLE BRANCHED ACINAR
• Sebum discharged mostly into hair follicles
(lubrication & bactericidal)
• Best example is sebaceous gland of the skin
• Another picture of a sweat gland

• This is how a simple coiled tubular gland would
appear under the microscope
• Since this is the skin, you should expect to find sweat
glands
• Take a look the portion in the picture labeled as
“sweat”. The arrows are pointing to the sweat glands
o Look at their appearance, it appears to be simple
coiled tubular glands
• You have there a hair, and that hair is embedded in

the hair follicle.
• Take a look at the gland that is draining into the hair
follicle. The red arrow is pointing to its duct • This is the skin, as you can see, that hair in there. The
• The duct is not branching. Therefore, this gland is hair is arising from the hair follicle.
referred to as a simple type • The yellow arrow is pointing to the duct of the
• Look at the secretory portion that is pointed by the sebaceous gland. You can see it is not branching, so
blue arrow. It is club-shaped so you call it as acinar. it is a simple type of a gland
but looking at it, the acinar glands are actually • The white arrow is pointing to the acinar gland of the
branching. So, you will refer to the duct as simple, and sebaceous gland. As you can see, there are three
secretory as branched acinar. Therefore, this is a acinar glands in there so this gland is branched acinar
simple branched acinar gland. type of a gland
• Sebaceous gland is simple branched acinar gland
• Look at the blue arrow. What do you notice? They
look like sweat glands because they are simple coiled
tubular
• Another example of a picture of a sweat gland

• You can see in the photo the hair. And the hair is
embedded in the hair follicle
• Attached to the hair follicle (the one labeled as seb),
is the sebaceous gland
• It resembles the previous photos so it’s really a simple
branched acinar gland. • Another picture of sebaceous gland
SIMPLE BRANCHED TUBULAR GLAND • Good example of simple branched tubular gland in
our body is the gastric gland.
o Gastric gland – gland of the stomach
• Blue arrow is pointing to the ductal portion of the

gastric gland. It’s not branching so you us the term
“simple”
• The yellow arrow is pointing to the secretory portion.
You can see it is tubular. But then again you can
clearly see that the tubular portion of the gland is
branching.
• Therefore, gastric glands are simple branched
tubular glands
• As you can see, these glands are provided with non-
branching duct. Look at the shape of the secretory
portions, they look like test tubes so they are really
tubular.
• But you can see several tubular structures in there.
Therefore, this gland has a branched tubular
secretory portion. It is a simple branched tubular
gland.
• This is a cut section of the stomach. The red arrow is

pointing to the duct of the gastric glands
• This duct will lead you to two tubular glands
• Therefore, the tubular portion of the gastric glands are
really branching. It is called simple branched
tubular
• Simple branched tubular = gastric glands
COMPOUND DUCT STRUCTURE
• This is the picture of the histology of the gastric gland

• The green arrow is pointing to the duct of the gland
• Blue arrows are pointing to the secretory portion of
the gland
• The secretory portion is tubular in shape
• But for that particular duct (green arrow), you have
two tubular glands attached to it. Therefore, the
secretory portion is branched. It is classified as • Pancreas
simple branched tubular • Parotid gland
• Duodenal gland
• Mammary
• Submandibular
• Sublingual
“Papa duo with mama”
• PaPa-Mamma Duo = SubSub
COMPOUND ACINAR GLANDS
• Compound Acinar = SEROUS glands
• I want you to appreciate where’s the duct and look at

the branching tubular portion of this gland.
REVIEW OF FIRST FEW GLANDS THAT HAS BEEN
DISCUSSED
• Remember, acinar glands have dark staining cells.

Therefore, if they are dark staining, you will describe
the gland as serous type. It produces enzymes and
proteins
• When you use the term “compound,” it means the
duct and the gland are both branching
• 4th photo: simple acinar. Take note, we do not have

simple acinar gland in our body. It is only present
when we were still an embryo
How do compound acinar gland appear under the serous type. The shape of this gland acinar or
microscope? alveolar
• Multiple ducts = compound, dark stained cells serous
= acinar. Combine the two terms it is now compound
acinar.
• The picture is an example of parotid gland
• The blue and red arrows are pointing to the ducts.

Can you appreciate the ducts in the photo?
• The presence of two ducts in the picture would only
tell you that the duct is branching. Because if the duct
is not branching, you’re only supposed to find one
• Can you appreciate multiple ducts in the picture?
particular duct. And that duct is surrounded by the
YES. Therefore, this is a compound type of a gland
secretory portion of the gland
• Look at the cells surrounding it, all of them are dark
• This gland is a compound type of gland
stained. So, this is compound acinar
• Look at the cells surrounding those ducts. Can you
• If this picture will be used in the quiz and the question
appreciate that they are all dark stained? Therefore,
is “what is the product of this gland?” answer is protein
these cells are serous cells and they are capable of
or enzyme
producing proteins and enzymes
• If the question is “how will you classify it based on the
• When asked what’s the shape of the gland, you
number?” answer is multicellular
always have to associate serous cells to acinar shape
• “Is it an endocrine or exocrine?” - since you can see
• So, two ducts = compound, dark stained glands
ducts in the picture, you will classify this one as
serous = acinar. So combine the two terms,
exocrine
compound acinar
COMPOUND TUBULOACINAR
• This could be either the parotid or the pancreas.
• COMPOUND TUBULOACINAR = MIXED serous and
mucous
• Take a look at the photo above. You can see multiple

ducts, so you will have in mind that this gland is a
compound type of a gland
• Look at the cells or glands surrounding those ducts, • From the name of the gland, tubuloacinar so expect
they are all dark stained. Therefore, these cells are to see tubular glands which are composed of light
staining mucous cells. Then acinar shape glands
which are composed of dark staining serous cells.
• Expect to see the combination of dark stain and light
stain glands or cells in this particular type of gland
• Since we used the term “compound”, expect to see
multiple ducts
• Yellow arrows are pointing to ducts. You can see

multiple ducts so, automatically this is a compound
type of gland
• Blue arrow is pointing to dark staining cells. Those
are serous cells, therefore there is that acinar gland
• Red arrow is pointing to light staining cells (mucous
cells).
• The yellow arrows are pointing to ducts, this will give • Therefore, you can conclude that this gland is a
you an idea that this is a compound type of gland compound tubuloacinar
• Red arrow is pointing to a light staining gland. You • E.g. mammary, submandibular, sublingual
look at the nuclei of the cells, they are at the base and • Some books would say mammary is compound
are flattened. This will tell you that these cells are acinar, but majority of the reading would say that the
mucous cells. Most likely, the red arrow is pointing to mammary gland is compound tubuloacinar.
a tubular gland REVIEW:
• Compound because there are two ducts, tubular Compound acinar; pancreas, parotid (PaPa)
because there’s that light staining gland in the Compound tubuloacinar; mammary, submandibular,
specimen sublingual (Mamma SubSub)
• Blue arrow is pointing to dark staining cells and they COMPOUND TUBULAR
have spherical nuclei almost situated in the center of
the cells. These are serous cell.
• Serous cells/serous glands have acinar shape
• This gland is a combination of tubular gland and an
acinar gland.
• Since there are two ducts = compound, then combine
tubular and acinar. Therdore, this gland is called
compound tubuloacinar or compound
tubuloalveolar gland.
• Duodenal glands
• Expect that all the glands you see there are light
stained
• Because you can see three ducts.
• There are glands that are dark stained. Therefore,
those are acinar glands.
• There are also glands that are light stained, so those
are tubular glands.
• This gland has both tubular and acinar gland
• This is an example of the picture of the duodenal

gland
• Look at the glands, all of them are basically light
stains. Therefore, you have multiple tubular glands.
• This is compound tubular gland (e.g. duodenal Answer: Simple tubular
glands) • E.g. colon, crpyts of Lieberkuhn
Answer: Simple Branched Acinar
• Another example of a compound tubular gland

• You can see all the glands in there are light stain
PRACTICE QUIZ
• Identify the morphology of the gland and give
example
Answer: Compound Acinar Gland
Answer: Compound tubuloacinar


Histology: First Semester A.Y. 2021 - 2022

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Histology: First Semester A.Y. 2021 - 2022

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HISTOLOGY FIRST SEMESTER

• The picture above shows the trachea. This organ is

• The picture above is the lining epithelium of the

• The structures pointed by two blue arrow are light

• The finger like structures in the picture are actually the

• There are special stains for goblet cells: Periodic Acid

• The picture pointed by the yellow in the picture above

• The picture above, the yellow arrows are pointing to

• Assignment: Look for the four ducts in the picture

• In gland B, for the cells of the gland to release the

• Sebaceous Glands of the Skin

• Meibomian Glands of the Eyelids

• The cells surrounding the ducts are all light stained

• The yellow arrow is pointing to a duct

• The yellow arrow pointing to a duct

• Let’s start with Simple and Compound

• In naming compound glands, we no longer use the

Picture of the cross section of the large intestinal colon

• I am talking about the small intestine

• This is how small intestine would look like under the

• This is the photo of the sweat gland.

• Therefore, this portion (3rd arrow) will not be seen

• Let’s try to apply this particular concept on this photo

• This is how sweat glands would appear under the

• Another picture of a sweat gland

• You have there a hair, and that hair is embedded in

• Another example of a picture of a sweat gland

• Blue arrow is pointing to the ductal portion of the

• This is a cut section of the stomach. The red arrow is

• Simple branched tubular = gastric glands

• This is the picture of the histology of the gastric gland

• I want you to appreciate where’s the duct and look at

• Remember, acinar glands have dark staining cells.

• 4th photo: simple acinar. Take note, we do not have

• The blue and red arrows are pointing to the ducts.

• Take a look at the photo above. You can see multiple

• Yellow arrows are pointing to ducts. You can see

• This is an example of the picture of the duodenal

Answer: Simple Branched Acinar

• Another example of a compound tubular gland

Answer: Compound Acinar Gland

Answer: Compound tubuloacinar

You might also like