VanPutte Seeleys Essentials 11e Chap05 PPT Accessible

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Chapter 5
Integumentary System
Lecture Outline
Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Eleventh Edition
Cinnamon VanPutte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Integumentary System 1
• The integumentary system consists of the skin and

accessory structures, such as hair, glands, and nails.
• Integument means covering.
• The appearance of the integumentary system can indicate
physiological imbalances in the body.
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2
Integumentary System 2
Figure 5.1
Access the text alternative for slide images.
Integumentary System Functions 1
1. Protection. The skin provides protection against abrasion

and ultraviolet light.
2. Sensation. The integumentary system has sensory
receptors that can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, and
pain.
3. Vitamin D production. When exposed to ultraviolet
light, the skin produces a molecule that can be
transformed into vitamin D.
Integumentary System Functions 2
4. Temperature regulation. The amount of blood flow

beneath the skin’s surface and the activity of sweat
glands in the skin both help regulate body temperature.
5. Excretion. Small amounts of waste products are lost
through the skin and in gland secretions.
Skin
• The skin is made up of two major tissue layers: the

epidermis and the dermis.
• The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin. It is a
layer of epithelial tissue that rests on the dermis.
• The dermis is a layer of dense connective tissue.
• The skin rests on the subcutaneous tissue, which is a
layer of connective tissue.
• The subcutaneous tissue is not part of the skin.
Epidermis and Dermis
Figure 5.2
Epidermis 1
• The epidermis prevents water loss and resists abrasion.

• The epidermis, known as the cutaneous membrane, is a
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
• The epidermis is composed of distinct layers called strata.
Epidermis 2
• The stratum corneum, the most superficial stratum of the

epidermis, consists of dead squamous cells filled with
keratin.
• Keratin gives the stratum corneum its structural strength.
• Cells of the deepest strata perform mitosis.
• As new cells form, they push older cells to the surface,
where they slough, or flake off.
Epidermis 3
• Excessive sloughing of stratum corneum cells from the

surface of the scalp is called dandruff.
• In skin subjected to friction, the number of layers in the
stratum corneum greatly increases, producing a thickened
area called a callus.
• Over a bony prominence, the stratum corneum can
thicken to form a cone-shaped structure called a corn.
Dermis 1
• The dermis is composed of dense collagenous connective

tissue containing fibroblasts, adipocytes, and
macrophages.
• Nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and
lymphatic vessels extend into the dermis.
• Collagen fibers, oriented in many directions, and elastic
fibers are responsible for the structural strength of the
dermis and resistance to stretch.
Dermis 2
• Some collagen fibers are oriented in more directions than

others, forming cleavage lines.
• Cleavage lines, or tension lines, in the skin, are more
resistant to stretch.
• An incision made parallel with these lines tends to gap
less and produce less scar tissue.
• If the skin is overstretched for any reason, the dermis can
be damaged, leaving stretch marks.
Cleavage Lines
Figure 5.3
Dermis 3
• Dermal papillae are projections toward the epidermis

found in the upper part of the dermis.
• The dermal papillae contain many blood vessels.
• The dermal papillae in the palms of the hands, the soles of
the feet, and the tips of the digits are arranged in parallel,
curving ridges that shape the overlying epidermis into
fingerprints and footprints.
Skin Color 1
• Factors that determine skin color include pigments in the

skin, blood circulating through the skin, and the thickness
of the stratum corneum.
• The two primary pigments are melanin and carotene.
• Melanin is the group of pigments primarily responsible for
skin, hair, and eye color.
• Carotene is a yellow pigment found in plants such as
squash and carrots.
Skin Color 2
• Most melanin molecules are brown to black pigments, but

some are yellowish or reddish.
• Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet light from
the sun.
• Melanin is produced by melanocytes and then packaged
into vesicles called melanosomes, which move into the cell
processes of melanocytes.
• Epithelial cells phagocytize the tips of the melanocyte cell
processes, thereby acquiring melanosomes.
Melanin Transfer to Epithelial Cells
Figure 5.4
Skin Color 3
• Large amounts of melanin form freckles or moles in some

regions of the skin.
• Melanin production is determined by genetic factors,
exposure to light, and hormones.
• Genetic factors are responsible for the amounts of melanin
produced in different races.
• Since all races have about the same number of
melanocytes, racial variations in skin color are determined
by the amount, kind, and distribution of melanin.
Skin Color 4
• Exposure to ultraviolet light—for example, in sunlight—

stimulates melanocytes to increase melanin production.
The result is a suntan.
• Although many genes are responsible for skin color, a
single mutation can prevent the production of melanin and
cause albinism.
Skin Color 5
• Carotene is lipid-soluble; when consumed, it accumulates

in the lipids of the stratum corneum and in the adipocytes
of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
• If large amounts of carotene are consumed, the skin can
become quite yellowish.
Skin Color 6
• The color of blood in the dermis contributes to skin color.

• A decrease in blood flow, as occurs in shock, can make
the skin appear pale.
• A decrease in the blood O2 content produces a bluish color
of the skin, called cyanosis.
Skin Cancer
• Most common cancer

• Mainly caused by UV light exposure
• Fair-skinned people more prone
• Prevented by limiting sun exposure and using sunscreens
• UVA rays cause tan and is associated with malignant
melanomas
• UVB rays cause sunburns
• Sunscreens should block UVA and UVB rays
Types of Skin Cancer
Basal cell carcinoma:

• cells in stratum basale affected
• cancer removed by surgery
Squamous cell carcinoma:

• cells above stratum basale affected
• can cause death
Malignant melanoma:
• arises from melanocytes in a mole
• rare type
• can cause death
Cancer of the Skin
(a) Dr. P. Marazzi/Science Photo Library/Getty Images; (b) Dr. P. Marazzi/ Science Source; (c) © National Cancer Institute
Figure 5.5
Subcutaneous Tissue 1
• The skin (cutaneous membrane) rests on the

subcutaneous tissue.
• The subcutaneous tissue, which is not part of the skin, is
sometimes called hypodermis.
• The subcutaneous tissue attaches the skin to underlying
bone and muscle and supplies it with blood vessels and
nerves.
• It is loose connective tissue, including adipose tissue that
contains about half the body’s stored lipids.
Subcutaneous Tissue 2
• The amount and location of adipose tissue vary with age,

sex, and diet.
• Adipose tissue in the subcutaneous tissue functions as
padding and insulation.
• The subcutaneous tissue can be used to estimate total
body fat.
• The acceptable percentage of body fat varies from 21% to
30% for females and from 13% to 25% for males.
Hair 1
• In humans, hair is found everywhere on the skin, except

on the palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of the genitalia,
and the distal segments of the fingers and toes.
• Each hair arises from a hair follicle, an invagination of the
epidermis that extends deep into the dermis.
• A hair shaft protrudes above the surface of the skin; the
root is below the surface and the hair bulb is the
expanded base of the root.
Hair 2
• A hair has a hard cortex, which surrounds a softer center,

the medulla.
• The cortex is covered by the cuticle, a single layer of
overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle.
• Hair is produced in the hair bulb, which rests on the hair
papilla.
• The hair papilla is an extension of the dermis that
protrudes into the hair bulb and contains blood vessels.
Hair 3
• Hair is produced in cycles, with a growth stage and resting

stage.
• During the growth stage, hair is formed by mitosis of
epithelial cells within the hair bulb; these cells divide and
undergo keratinization.
• During the resting stage, growth stops and the hair is
held in the hair follicle.
• When the next growth stage begins, a new hair is formed
and the old hair falls out.
Hair 4
• The duration of each stage depends on the individual hair.

• Eyelashes grow for about 30 days and rest for 105 days,
whereas scalp hairs grow for 3 years and rest for 1 to 2
years.
• The loss of hair normally means that the hair is being
replaced because the old hair falls out of the hair follicle
when the new hair begins to grow.
Hair 5
• Hair color is determined by varying amounts and types of

melanin.
• With age, the amount of melanin in hair can decrease,
causing the hair color to become faded, or the hair can
contain no melanin and be white.
• Each hair follicle is attached to smooth muscle cells called
the arrector pili muscle, which can contract and cause
the hair to become perpendicular to the skin’s surface.
Hair Follicle
Figure 5.6
Glands 1
• The major glands of the skin are the sebaceous glands

and the sweat glands.
• Sebaceous glands are simple, branched acinar glands,
with most being connected by a duct to the superficial part
of a hair follicle.
• They produce sebum, an oily, white substance rich in
lipids.
• The sebum is released by holocrine secretion and
lubricates the hair and the surface of the skin, which
prevents drying and protects against some bacteria.
Glands 2
• There are two kinds of sweat glands: eccrine and

apocrine.
• Eccrine sweat glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands
and release sweat by merocrine secretion.
• Eccrine glands are located in almost every part of the skin
but most numerous in the palms and soles.
• They produce a secretion that is mostly water with a few
salts.
Glands 3
• Eccrine sweat glands have ducts that open onto the

surface of the skin through sweat pores and are for
thermal regulation.
• Sweat can also be released in the palms, soles, armpits,
and other places because of emotional stress.
Glands 4
• Apocrine sweat glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands

that produce a thick secretion rich in organic substances.
• The glands open into hair follicles in the armpits and
genitalia.
• Apocrine sweat glands become active at puberty because
of the influence of sex hormones.
• The secretion generally is odorless, but when released
quickly breaks down by bacterial action giving body odor.
Glands of the Skin
Figure 5.7
Nails 1
• The nail is a thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum

corneum cells that contain a very hard type of keratin.
• The visible part of the nail is the nail body, and the part of
the nail covered by skin is the nail root.
• The cuticle, or eponychium, is stratum corneum that
extends onto the nail body and the nail root extends
distally from the nail matrix.
Nails 2
• The nail also attaches to the underlying nail bed, which is

located distal to the nail matrix.
• The nail matrix and bed are epithelial tissue with a stratum
basale that gives rise to the cells that form the nail.
• A small part of the nail matrix, the lunula, can be seen
through the nail body as a whitish, crescent-shaped area
at the base of the nail.
• Cell production within the nail matrix causes the nail to
grow continuously.
Nail
Figure 5.8
Integumentary System Protection 1
The integumentary system performs many protective

functions:
1. Reduction in body water loss
2. Acts as a barrier that prevents microorganisms and other
foreign substances from entering the body
3. Protects underlying structures against abrasion
4. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet light and protects underlying
structures from its damaging effects
Integumentary System Protection 2
5. Hair protection: The hair on the head acts as a heat

insulator, eyebrows keep sweat out of the eyes,
eyelashes protect the eyes from foreign objects, and hair
in the nose and ears prevents the entry of dust and other
materials.
6. The nails protect the ends of the fingers and toes from
damage and can be used in defense.
Sensory Receptor
• Many sensory receptors are associated with the skin.

• Receptors in the epidermis and dermis can detect pain,
heat, cold, and pressure.
• Although hair does not have a nerve supply, sensory
receptors around the hair follicle can detect the movement
of a hair.
Vitamin D Production
1. UV light causes the skin to produce a precursor molecule

of vitamin D.
2. The precursor molecule is carried by the blood to the liver
where it is enzymatically converted.
3. The enzymatically converted molecule is carried by the
blood to the kidneys where it is converted again to the
active form of vitamin D.
4. Vitamin D stimulates the small intestine to absorb calcium
and phosphate for many body functions.
Temperature Regulation 1
• Regulation of body temperature is important because the

rate of chemical reactions within the body can be
increased or decreased by changes in body temperature.
• Even slight changes in temperature can make enzymes
operate less efficiently and disrupt the normal rates of
chemical changes in the body.
• Exercise, fever, and an increase in environmental
temperature tend to raise body temperature.
• In order to maintain homeostasis, the body must rid itself

of excess heat.
• Blood vessels in the dermis dilate and enable more blood
to flow within the skin, thus causing heat to dissipate from
the body.
• Sweat also assists in loss of heat through evaporative
cooling.
• If body temperature begins to drop below normal, heat can

be conserved by the constriction of dermal blood vessels,
which reduces blood flow to the skin.
• Less heat is transferred from deeper structures to the skin,
and heat loss is reduced.
• With smaller amounts of warm blood flowing through the
skin, the skin temperature decreases.
Heat Exchange in the Skin
Figure 5.9
Excretion
• The integumentary system plays a minor role in excretion,

the removal of waste products from the body.
• In addition to water and salts, sweat contains small
amounts of waste products, such as urea, uric acid, and
ammonia.
• Even though the body can lose large amounts of sweat,
the sweat glands do not play a significant role in the
excretion of waste products.
Diagnostic Aid
• The integumentary system is useful in diagnosis because

it is observed easily.
• Cyanosis, a bluish color to the skin caused by decreased
blood O2 content, is an indication of impaired circulatory or
respiratory function.
• A yellowish skin color, called jaundice, can occur when
the liver is damaged by a disease, such as viral hepatitis.
• Rashes and lesions in the skin can be symptoms of
problems elsewhere in the body.
Burns 1
• A burn is injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction,

chemicals, electricity, or radiation.
• Burns are classified according to their depth.
• Partial-thickness burns are classified as first-degree and
second-degree.
• A full-thickness burn is a third-degree burn.
First-Degree Burn
• A first-degree (superficial) burn involves only the

epidermis and is red and painful.
• Slight edema, or swelling, may be present.
• They can be caused by sunburn or brief exposure to very
hot or very cold objects, and they heal without scarring in
about a week.
Second-Degree Burn
• Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns damage both the

epidermis and the dermis.
• If dermal damage is minimal, symptoms include redness,
pain, edema, and blisters.
• Healing takes about 2 weeks, and no scarring results.
• If the burn goes deep into the dermis, the wound appears
red, tan, or white; can take several months to heal and
might scar.
Third-Degree Burn
• Third-degree (full-thickness) burns damage the complete

epidermis and dermis.
• The region of third-degree burn is usually painless
because sensory receptors in the epidermis and dermis
have been destroyed.
• Third-degree burns appear white, tan, brown, black, or
deep cherry red.
Burn Healing
• In all second-degree burns, the epidermis, including the

stratum basale where the stem cells are found, is
damaged.
• The epidermis regenerates from epithelial tissue in hair
follicles and sweat glands, as well as from the edges of the
wound.
• Deep partial-thickness and full-thickness burns take a long
time to heal, and they form scar tissue with disfiguring and
debilitating wound contractures.
Treatment of Burns
• To prevent complications of deep partial-thickness and full-

thickness burns and to speed healing, skin grafts are often
performed.
• In a procedure called a split skin graft, the epidermis and
part of the dermis are removed from another part of the
body and placed over the burn
• When it is not possible or practical to move skin from one
part of the body to a burn site, physicians sometimes use
artificial skin or grafts from human cadavers.
Burns 2
Figure 5.10
Aging and the Integument
• Blood flow decreases and skin becomes thinner due to

decreased amounts of collagen
• Decreased activity of sebaceous and sweat glands make
temperature regulation more difficult
• Loss of elastic fibers cause skin to sag and wrinkle
End of Main Content
Because learning changes everything. ®
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Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.

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Because learning changes everything.

• The integumentary system consists of the skin and

1. Protection. The skin provides protection against abrasion

4. Temperature regulation. The amount of blood flow

• The skin is made up of two major tissue layers: the

• The epidermis prevents water loss and resists abrasion.

• The stratum corneum, the most superficial stratum of the

• Excessive sloughing of stratum corneum cells from the

• The dermis is composed of dense collagenous connective

• Some collagen fibers are oriented in more directions than

• Dermal papillae are projections toward the epidermis

• Factors that determine skin color include pigments in the

• Most melanin molecules are brown to black pigments, but

• Large amounts of melanin form freckles or moles in some

• Exposure to ultraviolet light—for example, in sunlight—

• Carotene is lipid-soluble; when consumed, it accumulates

• The color of blood in the dermis contributes to skin color.

• Most common cancer

Basal cell carcinoma:

Squamous cell carcinoma:

• The skin (cutaneous membrane) rests on the

• The amount and location of adipose tissue vary with age,

• In humans, hair is found everywhere on the skin, except

• A hair has a hard cortex, which surrounds a softer center,

• Hair is produced in cycles, with a growth stage and resting

• The duration of each stage depends on the individual hair.

• Hair color is determined by varying amounts and types of

• The major glands of the skin are the sebaceous glands

• There are two kinds of sweat glands: eccrine and

• Eccrine sweat glands have ducts that open onto the

• Apocrine sweat glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands

• The nail is a thin plate, consisting of layers of dead stratum

• The nail also attaches to the underlying nail bed, which is

The integumentary system performs many protective

5. Hair protection: The hair on the head acts as a heat

• Many sensory receptors are associated with the skin.

1. UV light causes the skin to produce a precursor molecule

• Regulation of body temperature is important because the

• In order to maintain homeostasis, the body must rid itself

• If body temperature begins to drop below normal, heat can

• The integumentary system plays a minor role in excretion,

• The integumentary system is useful in diagnosis because

• A burn is injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction,

• A first-degree (superficial) burn involves only the

• Second-degree (partial-thickness) burns damage both the

• Third-degree (full-thickness) burns damage the complete

• In all second-degree burns, the epidermis, including the

• To prevent complications of deep partial-thickness and full-

• Blood flow decreases and skin becomes thinner due to

Because learning changes everything. ®

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