Chap13 Lymphatic System PPT Lec

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Chapter 14
Lymphatic System and
Immunity
Lecture Outline
Seeley’s ESSENTIALS OF
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Eleventh Edition
Cinnamon VanPutte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
Functions of the Lymphatic System
1. Fluid balance
2. Fat Absorption
3. Defense
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2
Lymphatic System and Lymph Drainage
Figure 14.1
Access the text alternative for slide images.
Components of the Lymphatic System
Lymph:
• fluid that enters lymphatic capillaries composed of water
and some solutes
Lymphocytes
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
Thymus gland
Lymphatic Capillaries
Carries fluid in one direction from tissues to circulatory

system
Fluid moves from blood capillaries into tissue spaces
Lymphatic capillaries:
• tiny, closed-ended vessels
• fluid moves easily into capillaries
• in most tissues
• join to form lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic Vessels 1
Lymphatic vessels:
• resemble small veins
• where lymphatic capillaries join
• One-way valves
Right lymphatic duct:

• where lymphatic vessels from right upper limb and right
head, neck, chest empty
• empties into right subclavian vein
Lymphatic Vessels 2
Thoracic duct:
• collects lymph from the from remaining lymphatic vessels
which do not enter the right lymphatic duct.
• empties into left subclavian vein
Lymph Formation and Movement
Figure 14.2
Lymphatic Organs
Tonsils:
• palatine tonsils on each side of oral cavity
• pharyngeal tonsils near internal opening of nasal cavity

(adenoid)
• lingual tonsils posterior surface of tongue
• form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue around nasal and

oral cavities
The Tonsils
Figure 14.3
Lymph Nodes 1
Lymph nodes are:

• rounded structures that vary in size
• located near lymphatic vessels
• groin, armpit, neck
• lymph passes through lymph nodes before entering blood
Lymph Nodes 2
• Lymph moves through and immune system
• Is activated (lymphocytes produced) if foreign substances

are detected
• Removes microbes by macrophages
Lymph Node
Figure 14.4
The Spleen 1
The spleen is:

• size of clenched fist
• located in abdomen
• filters blood
• detects and responds to foreign substances
• destroys old red blood cells
• serves as a blood reservoir
The Spleen 2
• white pulp: lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries
• red pulp: contains macrophages and red blood cells that

connect to veins
The Spleen 3
Figure 14.5
The Thymus Gland 1
The thymus gland is:

• bilobed gland
• located in mediastinum behind the sternum
• stops growing at age 1
• at age 60 decreases in size
• produces and matures lymphocytes
The Thymus Gland 2
(b) ©Trent Stephens
Figure 14.6
Overview of the Lymphatic System
Figure 14.7
Immunity
Immunity is the ability to resist damage from foreign

substances.
Immunity can protect against microbes, toxins, and cancer

cells.
Types of immunity:
• innate
• adaptive
Innate Immunity
Innate immunity is:
• present at birth
• defense against any pathogen
• accomplished by physical barriers, chemical mediators,

cells, inflammatory response
Physical Barriers
• First line of defense
• Skin and mucous membranes act as barriers to pathogens

and toxins
• Tears, saliva, urine wash away pathogens and toxins
Chemical Mediators 1
• Chemical mediators are chemicals that can kill microbes

and prevent their entry into cells
• Lysozyme:
found in tears and saliva to kill bacteria
• Mucous membranes:
prevent entry of microbes
Chemical Mediators 2
• Histamine:
promote inflammation by causing vasodilation
• Interferons:
proteins that protect against viral infections by stimulating

surrounding cells to produce antiviral proteins
Cells of the Immune System 1
White blood cells:
produced in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues
fight foreign substances
Phagocytic cells:
• ingest and destroy foreign substances
• Example—neutrophils and macrophages
Neutrophils:
• first to respond to infection but die quickly
Eosinophils:
• produced in red bone marrow
• release chemicals to reduce inflammation
Basophils:
• made in red bone marrow
• leave blood and enter infected tissues
• can release histamine
Macrophages:
• initially were monocytes
• leave blood and enter tissues
• can ingest more than neutrophils
• protect lymph in lymph nodes and blood in spleen and liver
• given specific names for certain areas of body (Kupffer

cells in liver)
Mast cells:
• made in red bone marrow
• found in skin, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract
• can release leukotrienes
Natural Killer Cells:
• type of lymphocyte
• produce in red bone marrow
• recognize classes of cells such as tumor cells or virus
infected cells
• release chemicals which lyse cells
Inflammatory Response 1
The inflammatory response:

• involves chemicals and cells produced due to injury
• signaled by presence of foreign substance
• stimulates release of chemical mediators
Inflammatory Response 2
Figure 14.9
Adaptive Immunity
Adaptive immunity is defense that involves specific

recognition to a specific antigen.
This immunity:
• is acquired after birth
• reacts when innate defenses don’t work
• slower than innate immunity
• has memory
• uses lymphocytes (B and T cells)
• 2 types antibody-mediated and cell-mediated
Terms Related to Adaptive Immunity
Antigen:
• substance that stimulates an immune response
• Example—bacteria, virus, pollen, food, drugs
Self-antigen:
• molecule produced by the person’s body that stimulates
an immune system response
Antibody:
• proteins the body produces in response to an antigen
Origin and Development of Lymphocytes
Stem cells:
• Live in red bone marrow
• give rise to all blood cells
• give rise to some pre-T cells and pre-B cells
Lymphocytes 1
Lymphocytes are:
• type of white blood cell
• involved in adaptive immunity
• develop from stem cells
• differentiate into specific lymphocytes such as B or T cells
Lymphocytes 2
B cells:
• type of lymphocytes
• involved in antibody-mediated immunity
• originate from stem cells
• mature in red bone marrow
• move to lymphatic tissue after mature
• lead to production of antibodies
Lymphocytes 3
T cells:
• type of lymphocyte
• involved primarily in cell-mediated immunity but also

participate in antibody-mediated immunity
• mature in thymus gland
• move to lymphatic tissue after mature
• 4 types
Origin and Processing of B Cells and T Cells
Figure 14.10
Antigen Recognition
• Lymphocytes have antigen receptors on their surface
• Called B-cell receptors on B cells and T-cell receptors on T

cells
• Each receptor only binds with a specific antigen
• When antigen receptors combine with the antigen, the

lymphocyte is activated and adaptive immunity begins
The MHC Molecule
The major histocompatibility complex molecule (MHC):
• contain binding sites for antigens
• specific for certain antigens
• hold and present a processed antigen on the surface of

the cell membrane
• bind to antigen receptor on B or T cells and stimulate

response
Cytokines
Cytokines are:
• proteins secreted by a cell that regulates neighboring cells
• Example—interleukin 1 released by macrophages

stimulates helper T cells
Proliferation of Helper T Cells
Figure 14.11
Lymphocyte Proliferation
1. After antigen is processed and presented to helper T

cells, helper T cells produce interleukin-2 and interleukin
2-receptors
2. Interleukin-2 binds to receptors and stimulates more

helper T cell production
3. Helper T cells are needed to produce B cells
4. B cells produce antibodies
Proliferation of B Cells
Figure 14.12
Dual Nature of the Immune System
• Lymphocytes give rise to 2 types of immune responses:

antibody-mediated and cell-mediated
• Antigens can trigger both types of responses
• Both types are able to recognize self versus non-self, use

specificity, and have memory
Antibody-Mediated Immunity
Antibody-mediated immunity is:
• effective against antigens in body fluids (blood and lymph)
• effective against bacteria, viruses, toxins
• uses B cells to produce antibodies
Antibody Structure 1
Letter Y shape
Variable region:
• V of Y
• bind to epitopes of antigen using antigen-binding site
Constant region:
• stem of Y
• each class of immunoglobulin has same structure
Figure 14.13
• Antigen-binding site:
site on antibody where antigen binds
• Valence:
number of antigen-binding sites on antibody
• 5 classes of immunoglobulins used to destroy antigens:
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
Antibodies 1
IgG
• 80 to 85% in serum
• activates compliment and increases phagocytosis
• can cross the placenta and provide protection to the fetus
• responsible for Rh reactions, such as hemolytic disease of

the newborn
Antibodies 2
IgM
• 5 to 10% in serum
• activates compliment
• acts as an antigen binding receptor on the surface of B

cells
• responsible for transfusion reactions in the ABO blood

system
• often the first antibody produced in response to an antigen
Antibodies 3
IgA
• 15% in serum
• secreted into saliva, into tears, and onto mucous

membranes
• protects body surfaces
• found in colostrum and milk to provide immune protection

to the newborn
Antibodies 4
IgE
• 0.002% in serum
• binds to mast cells and basophils and stimulates the

inflammatory response
Antibodies 5
IgD
• 0.2% in serum
• functions as an antigen-binding receptor on B cells
Effects of Antibodies 1
• Inactivate antigen
• Bind antigens together
• Active complement cascades
• Initiate release of inflammatory chemicals
• Facilitate phagocytosis
Effects of Antibodies 2
Figure 14.14
Antibody Production 1
The primary response

• 1st exposure of B cell to antigen
• B cell undergoes division and forms plasma cell and

memory cells
Plasma cells:
• produce antibodies
• 3 to 14 days to produce enough antibody to be effective

against antigen
• meanwhile person develops disease symptoms
The secondary response involves Memory cells:

• occurs when immune system is exposed to antigen that
has been seen before
• Memory B cells quickly divided to form plasma cells which
produce antibodies
• produces new memory cells
Figure 14.15
Cell-Mediated Immunity
• Cell-mediated immunity is used against antigens in cells

and tissues.
• It is effective against intracellular bacteria, viruses, fungi,

and protozoa.
• It uses different types of T cells.
Types of T Cells for Cell-Mediated Immunity 1
Helper T cells (TH):
• activate macrophages
• help form B cells
• promote production of Tc
Cytotoxic T cells (Tc):
• precursor to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)
Types of T Cells for Cell-Mediated Immunity 2
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL):
• destroys antigen on contact
Regulatory T cells (Tr):
• turn off immune system response when antigen is gone
Proliferation of Cytotoxic T Cells
Figure 14.16
Stimulation and Effects of T Cells
Figure 14.17
Types of Adaptive Immunity 1
Naturally Acquired Immunity

Active:
• natural exposure to antigens causes production of
antibodies
• can be lifelong immunity
• Example—mononucleosis
Passive:
• transfer of antibodies from mother to child
• Example—breast milk or placenta
Types of Adaptive Immunity 2
Artificially Acquired Immunity
Active:
• injection of antigens using vaccines which cause the

production of antibodies
• immunization is a process of introducing killed, live, or

inactivated pathogen
Passive:
• injection of antibodies from another person or animal
Ways to Acquire Adaptive Immunity
Figure 14.18
End of Main Content
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Because learning changes everything.

Carries fluid in one direction from tissues to circulatory

Fluid moves from blood capillaries into tissue spaces

• fluid moves easily into capillaries

• join to form lymphatic vessels

• where lymphatic capillaries join

Right lymphatic duct:

• palatine tonsils on each side of oral cavity

• pharyngeal tonsils near internal opening of nasal cavity

• lingual tonsils posterior surface of tongue

• form a protective ring of lymphatic tissue around nasal and

Lymph nodes are:

• located near lymphatic vessels

• groin, armpit, neck

• lymph passes through lymph nodes before entering blood

• Lymph moves through and immune system

• Is activated (lymphocytes produced) if foreign substances

• Removes microbes by macrophages

The spleen is:

• detects and responds to foreign substances

• destroys old red blood cells

• serves as a blood reservoir

• white pulp: lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries

• red pulp: contains macrophages and red blood cells that

The thymus gland is:

• located in mediastinum behind the sternum

• stops growing at age 1

• at age 60 decreases in size

• produces and matures lymphocytes

(b) ©Trent Stephens

Immunity is the ability to resist damage from foreign

Immunity can protect against microbes, toxins, and cancer

Innate immunity is:

• defense against any pathogen

• accomplished by physical barriers, chemical mediators,

• First line of defense

• Skin and mucous membranes act as barriers to pathogens

• Tears, saliva, urine wash away pathogens and toxins

• Chemical mediators are chemicals that can kill microbes

found in tears and saliva to kill bacteria

prevent entry of microbes

promote inflammation by causing vasodilation

proteins that protect against viral infections by stimulating

White blood cells:

produced in red bone marrow and lymphatic tissues

fight foreign substances

• ingest and destroy foreign substances

• Example—neutrophils and macrophages

• leave blood and enter tissues

• can ingest more than neutrophils

• protect lymph in lymph nodes and blood in spleen and liver

• given specific names for certain areas of body (Kupffer

The inflammatory response:

• signaled by presence of foreign substance

• stimulates release of chemical mediators

Adaptive immunity is defense that involves specific

• Example—bacteria, virus, pollen, food, drugs

• give rise to all blood cells

• give rise to some pre-T cells and pre-B cells

• involved in adaptive immunity

• develop from stem cells

• differentiate into specific lymphocytes such as B or T cells

• involved in antibody-mediated immunity

• originate from stem cells