Chapter 1 Introduction To Anatomy and Physiology

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Chapter 01
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Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy: The study of the structure/morphology of the

human body and its parts
• Physiology: The study of the functions of the human body
and its parts
• The structure of organs and parts of the human body
determines the function.
Copyright 2022 © McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC. 2
Levels of Organization
All materials, living or non-living, are composed of chemicals, which

consist of atoms.
• Subatomic Particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up atoms
• Atom: tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon)
• Molecule: particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose)
• Macromolecule: large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, protein)
• Organelle: functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)
• Cell: basic unit of structure and functions (muscle cell or blood cell)
• Tissue: layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose tissue)
• Organ: group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney)
• Organ System: group of organs with common function (digestive system)
• Organism: composed of organ systems interacting (human)
Figure 1.3 Levels of Organization
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Characteristics of Life
• Growth: Increase in cell number and size and increase in

body size
• Reproduction: Production of new cells and organisms
• Responsiveness: Reaction to a change inside or outside
of the body
• Movement: Change in body position or location; motion of
internal organs
Characteristics of Life
• Respiration: Making energy. Most organisms do it by

taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide
• Digestion: Breaking down food into usable nutrients for
absorption into the blood
• Circulation: Moving chemicals and cells through the body
fluids
• Excretion: Removing waste products
Homeostasis
Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
Receptors - provide
information
Control center - tells what
a particular value should
be
Effectors - causes
responses to change
Negative Feedback Loop internal environment
7
Negative Feedback
• Most common type of homeostatic mechanism

• Effectors return conditions toward normal range, and the
deviation from set point lessens
• Called “negative” because the response to the change
moves the variable in the opposite direction of the
deviation from the set point
• Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
• Examples: Negative feedback controls body temperature,
blood pressure, and glucose level in the blood
Figure 1.7 Negative Feedback Illustration
Positive Feedback
• Uncommon feedback mechanism in the body

• The change/deviation is intensified, instead of reversed
• Activity of effector is increased initially, instead of
decreasing
• Short-lived
• Produce unstable conditions
• Used to make changes
• Examples: Blood clotting and the uterine contractions of
childbirth
Figure 1.8 Positive Feedback Illustration
Figure 1.10 Major Body Cavities
Organ Systems: Body Covering, Support, and
Movement
Integumentary System:
• Body covering, protection, body temperature regulation,
sensory reception, production of Vitamin D
Skeletal System:
• Support and movement, framework, protection,
attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of
blood cells
Muscular System:
• Support and movement, main source of body heat, of
posture.
Figures 1.14 and 1.15 Organ Systems
Organ Systems: Integration & Coordination
Nervous System:
• Integration and coordination of organ function through
nerve impulses and neurotransmitters; rapid short-term
effects
Endocrine system:
• Integration and coordination of organ function through
chemical messengers called hormones; slower, longer-
lasting effects
Figure 1.16 Organ Systems
Organ Systems: Transport
Cardiovascular System:
• Transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells, hormones
and wastes
Lymphatic System:
• Transportation of fluids from tissue spaces to blood,
carries fats from digestive system to blood, and defends
body against infection
Figure 1.17: Organ Systems
Organ Systems: Absorption & Excretion
Digestive System:
• Receives food, breaks down food, absorbs digestion products,
excretes waste
Respiratory System:
• Moves air in and out of body, exchanges gases (oxygen and
carbon dioxide) between blood and air; absorbs oxygen
Urinary System:
• Removes blood wastes, regulates electrolyte & water balance
and blood pressure, produces urine and excretes it by
transporting it to outside of body
Organ Systems: Reproduction
Reproductive System:
• Male and female systems produce and transport sex cells,
produce hormones, and produce new like organisms.
Female also provides for fetal development and childbirth.
1.8 Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position:
• Standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides,
palms facing forward
• Anatomical terms of relative position are based on a
person standing in anatomical position.
Figure 1.20 Anatomical Position
Terms of Relative Position
• Superior (above) / Inferior (below)

• Anterior or ventral (toward the front) / Posterior or dorsal
(toward the back)
• Medial (toward the midline) / Lateral (away from midline)
• Bilateral (paired structures; on both sides)
• Ipsilateral (same side) / Contralateral (opposite sides)
• Proximal (close to point of attachment to trunk) / Distal
(farther from point of attachment to trunk)
• Superficial (close to body surface) / Deep (more internal)
Figure 1.21 Terms of Relative Position
Aaron Roeth Photography
Body Sections or Planes
Sagittal section: longitudinal cut that divides body into left

and right portions
• Mid-sagittal/Median section: divides body into equal left
and right portions
• Parasagittal section: sagittal section lateral to midline;
divides body into unequal left and right portions
Transverse or Horizontal section: divides body into
superior and inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal section: longitudinal cut that divides
body into anterior and posterior portions
Figure 1.22 Body Sections
(top right, middle right): ©Karl Rubin/McGraw-Hill Education; (bottom right): Living Art Enterprises/Science Source; (left): © McGraw-Hill Education/Eric Wise
Figure 1.25 Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
(a, b): Juice Images/Alamy Stock Photo

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Because learning changes everything.

• Anatomy: The study of the structure/morphology of the

All materials, living or non-living, are composed of chemicals, which

Access the text alternative for slide images.

• Growth: Increase in cell number and size and increase in

• Respiration: Making energy. Most organisms do it by

• Most common type of homeostatic mechanism

Access the text alternative for slide images.

• Uncommon feedback mechanism in the body

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Access the text alternative for slide images.

Access the text alternative for slide images.

• Superior (above) / Inferior (below)

Aaron Roeth Photography

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Sagittal section: longitudinal cut that divides body into left

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(a, b): Juice Images/Alamy Stock Photo

Access the text alternative for slide images.

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