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Lecture
Tissue
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Chapter 4-Tissues
• What is a tissue?
group of cells with similar structure and
function plus extracellular substance (matrix)
• Histology:
study of tissues
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Types of Tissues
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscular
4. Nervous
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Epithelial Tissues
• Location:
- cover body (internal and external)
- Ex. Skin, kidney, trachea, glands, etc.
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• Characteristics:
- cells close together (very little extracellular
matrix)
- form most glands
- have free surface
- Basal surface:
attaches epithelial cells to underlying tissues
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Functions of Epithelial Tissues
1. Protect:
Ex. Skin
2. Act as a barrier:
Ex. Skin keeps bacteria out
3. Diffusion and Filtration:
Ex. Lungs and kidneys
4. Secretion:
Ex. Sweat glands
5. Absorption:
Ex. Small intestine
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Classification of Epithelial Tissue
• Classified according to number of cell layers
and cell shape
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Types of Epithelial Tissues
• Simple Epithelium
Structure: 1 layer of cells
• Stratified Epithelium
Structure: many layers of cells
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• Simple Squamous
Structure: 1 layer of flat, tile-like cells
Function: diffusion and filtration
Location: blood vessels, lungs, heart, kidneys
• Simple Cuboidal
Structure: 1 layer of square-shaped cells
Function: secretion
Location: glands, ovaries, kidneys
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• Simple Columnar
Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
Function: secrete mucus and absorption
Location: stomach, intestines, resp. tract
• Pseudostratified Columnar
Structure: 1 layer of tall, narrow cells
appears stratified but isn’t
Function: secrete mucus and propel debris out of
resp. tract (cilia)
Location: nasal cavity and trachea
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• Stratified Squamous
Structure: many layers of flat, tile-like cells
Function: protect and acts as a barrier
Location: skin, mouth, throat, esophagus
• Transitional
Structure: special type of stratified epi. changes
shape (stretched squamous, not stretched
cuboidal)
Function: hold fluids
Location: urinary bladder
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Free Cell Surfaces
• Surface not in contact with other cells
• Microvilli:
- increase cell’s surface area
- Ex. Small intestine
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• Cilia:
- move materials across cell’s surface
- Ex. Trachea
• Goblet cells:
- produce mucus
- Ex. Stomach
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Cell Connections
• Tight junctions:
- bind adjacent cells together
- Ex. Intestines
• Desmosomes:
mechanical links that bind cells
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• Hemidesmosomes:
bind cells to basement membrane
• Gap junctions:
- small channels that allow molecules to pass
between cells
- allow cells to communicate
- most common
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Figure 4.2
Glands
• What are they?
structures that secrete substances onto a surface, into
a cavity, or into blood
• Exocrine glands:
- glands with ducts
- Ex. Sweat or oil glands
• Endocrine glands:
– no ducts (directly into bloodstream)
– Ex. Thyroid, thymus, pituitary glands, etc.
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Types of Exocrine Glands
• Simple:
no branches
• Compound:
many branches
• Tubular:
end of duct
• Alveolus:
sac-like structure
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Figure 4.3
Connective Tissues Characteristics
• Cells far apart
• Contain large amounts of extracellular matrix
• Classified based on type of extracellular matrix
and function
• Ex. Blast cells build, clast cells carve
• Extracellular matrix contains 3 components (in
varying amounts): protein fibers, ground
substance, fluid
• Ground substance: proteins and sugars
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Types of Protein Fibers
• Collagen fibers:
look like ropes and are flexible but resist
stretching
• Reticular fibers:
supporting network that fills spaces
between organs and tissues
• Elastic fibers:
recoil after being stretched
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Functions of Connective Tissue
1. Enclose and separate:
Ex. around organs and muscles
2. Connect tissues:
Ex. Tendons: connect bone to muscle
Ex. Ligaments: connect bone to bone
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• Dense
Location: tendons, ligaments, skin
Structure: collagen fibers packed close together
Function: connect and can withstand pulling
forces
• Adipose
Location: under skin and around organs
Structure: collagen and elastic fibers, cells filled
with lipids
Function: storage, insulate, cushion
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Cartilage
• Type of connective tissue
• Composed of chondrocytes
• Contains collagen
• Withstands compressions
• Provides support, flexibility, strength
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Types of Cartilage
• Hyaline cartilage
Location: covers ends of bones
Structure: some collagen fibers
Function: reduces friction (cushion)
• Fibrocartilage
Location: between vertebra
Structure: lots of collagen fibers
Function: can withstand compression 41
• Elastic cartilage
Location: ear and tip of nose
Structure: elastic fibers
Function: can recoil
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Bone
• Hard connective tissue
• Composed of osteocytes
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Blood
• Liquid connective tissue
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Table Art 4.10
Muscular Tissue
Muscle type Nucleus/i Nucleus/i location Striated
Cardiac 1 centrally Y
(heart)
Smooth 1 centrally N
(organs)
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Table Art 4.11a
Table Art 4.11b
Table Art 4.11c
Nervous Tissue
• Consist of neurons or nerve cells
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Tissue Repair
• What is it?
substitution of dead cells for viable
cells
• Regeneration:
cells of same type develop (no scar)
• Replacement:
cells of a different type develop (scar)
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Inflammation
• Occurs when tissues are damaged
• Chemical mediators:
- released after injury
- cause dilation of blood vessels
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Symptoms of Inflammation
1. Redness: blood vessels dilate
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