Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy

 Study of the structure and shape of the body

and its parts

Physiology

 Study of how the body and its parts work or

function

ANATOMY-LEVELS OF STUDY

1. Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy

 Deals with large structures
1. Atoms – basic building blocks of ordinary
 Can be easily observable through our naked
matter. Without the atoms they cannot form
eye
molecules. And without the atoms and
molecules, we cannot proceed to the
chemical level.

Atoms – molecules – cells – tissues – organs –

organ system – organismal (11 systems)

ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW


2. Microscopic Anatomy 1. Integumentary System (Skin)
 Very small structures  Forms the external body covering
 Can only be viewed with a microscope  Protects deeper tissue from injury
 Helps regulate body temperature
 Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

2. Skeletal System

 Protects and supports body organs

 It only provides muscle attachment for
movement but it does not produce any
movement
 Site of blood cell formation
 Stores minerals


MAJOR GOALS OF PHYSIOLOGY

The study of function

 To understand and predict the body’s

responses to stimuli
 To understand how the body maintains
internal conditions
 

5. Endocrine System

 Main function: secretes regulatory hormones

3. Muscular System  Hormones for: growth, reproduction, &
metabolism
 Produces movement in coordination with the
skeletal system
 Maintains posture
 When we move we produce heat

6.Cardiovascular System

 Main physiology: transports materials in body

via blood pumped by heart
 Materials: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients,
& wastes

4. Nervous System

 Fast-acting (rapid) control system

 Responds to internal and external changes
rapidly
 Activates muscles and glands
 Without it actions would not be possible
7. Lymphatic System

 Main function: immunity ; protection

 Returns fluid to blood vessels
 Cleanses the blood
 Involved in immunity

10. Urinary System

 Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

 Maintains acid base balance
 Regulates water and electrolytes

8. Respiratory System

 Main function: keeps blood supplied with

oxygen
 Removes carbon dioxide

11. Reproductive System

 Produces offspring

9. Digestive System 

 Main physiology: break down food NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS

 Allows for nutrient absorption into blood  Maintain boundaries
 Eliminates indigestible material  Movement
 Locomotion
 Movement of substances
 Circulation of oxygen and blood
 Responsiveness
 Ability to sense changes and react
 Nervous system
 Digestion
  Break-down and absorption of o Sends information to control
nutrients center
 Metabolism-chemical reactions within the Nervous system
body  Control center
 Produces energy Receives the change signal
 Makes body structures More on analysis of the change of the body
 Excretion
 Eliminates waste from metabolic  Determines set point
reactions  Analyzes information
 Digestive and urinary system  Determines appropriate response
 Reproduction  Effector
 Produces future generation The output of the control center
 Growth  Provides a means for response to the
 Increases cell size and number of cells stimulus

SURVIVAL NEEDS FEEDBACK MECHANISMS

 Nutrients  Negative feedback

 Chemicals for energy and cell building  Includes most homeostatic control
 Includes carbohydrates, proteins, mechanisms
lipids, vitamins, and minerals  Shuts off the original stimulus, or
 Oxygen reduces its intensity
 Required for chemical reactions  Works like a household thermostat
 Water  Positive feedback
 60-80% of body weight  Increases the original stimulus to push
 Provides for metabolic reaction the variable farther
 Stable body temperature  In the body this only occurs in blood
 Normal temp. ranges between 36.5- clotting and during the birth of a baby
37.5 degree celsius
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
HOMEOSTASIS
 Special terminology is used to prevent
 Maintenance of a stable internal environment misunderstanding
 A dynamic state of equilibrium  Exact terms are used for
 Is necessary for normal body functioning and  Position
to sustain life  Direction
 Homeostatic imbalance  Regions
 A disturbance in homeostasis  Structures
resulting in disease
REGIONAL TERMS
MAINTANING HOMEOSTASIS
 Anterior body landmarks
 The body communicates through neural and
hormonal control systems
Nervous and endocrine system
 Receptor
Brain and spinal cord
Receives and responds/sense the
signal of the changes of the body
o Responds to changes in the
environment (stimuli)
 BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS
  A sagittal section divides the body (or organ)

into left and right parts
 A median, or midsagittal, section divides the
body (or organ) into equal left and right parts
 A frontal section divides the body (or organ)
into anterior and posterior parts
 A transverse, or cross, section divides the
body (or organ) into superior and inferior
parts

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

BODY CAVITIES
ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRQANTS ABDOMINOPELVIC MAJOR ORGANS

ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS