CIRCULATORY

SYSTEM
HIYASMIN U. GUTIERREZ, RMT

Regents Biology
OBJECTIVES:
1. Describe the location of the heart
in the body and identify its major
anatomical areas on an
appropriate model or diagram.
2. Trace the pathway of blood
through the heart.
3. Compare the pulmonary and
systemic circuits.
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 4. Compare and contrast the structure
and function of arteries, veins, and
capillaries.
5. Identify the body's major arteries and
veins.
6. Describe the composition and volume
of whole blood.
7. Describe the composition of plasma
and discuss its importance in the body.

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1. This is the job of the circulatory
system.
A. To break down food so it can
be used by the body.
B. To distribute blood and
lymph throughout the body.
C. To give the body shape and
support
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2. These tiny blood cells clot
the blood when a person
gets cut.
A. red
B. white
C. platelets

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3. Large blood vessels that
take oxygenated blood
from the heart to the
body.
A. Veins
B. Capillaries
C. Arteries
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4. The watery part of
the blood
A. veins
B. platelets
C. plasma
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5. The organ that pumps
oxygenated blood to the body
and deoxygenated blood to
the lungs.
A. brain
B. liver
C. heart

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6. These blood vessels take
deoxygenated blood to the
heart and lungs to be
oxygenated.
A. veins
B. capillaries
C. arteries
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7. Red blood cells come
from here.
A. bone marrow
B. liver
C. pancreas

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8.These tiny blood vessels are
where the exchange of
oxygen and nutrients take
place for wastes that are
taken from the cells.
A. Veins
B. Capillaries
C. arteries
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9. Chambers of the heart
A. atria or auricles
and ventricles
B. veins and arteries
C. adenoids and
tonsils
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10. These blood cells carry
nutrients and oxygen to
the body cells.
A. red
B. white
C. platelets
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 Why do we need a
circulatory system?
 supplies in
 fuel (sugars)
 digestive system
 oxygen
 respiratory system
 waste out
 CO2
 respiratory system
 need to pick up & deliver the
supplies & wastes around the
body
 circulatory system
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 Circulatory system
 made up of 3 parts
 organ
heart
 tissues & cells
blood vessels
 arteries

 veins

 capillaries

blood
 red blood cells

 plasma

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Circulatory system
muscular pump = heart
tubes = blood vessels

circulatory fluid = “blood”

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 THE HEART

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Functions of the Heart
 Generating blood pressure
 Routing blood
Heart separates pulmonary and


systemic circulations
 Ensuring one-way blood flow
 Heart valves ensure one-way flow

 Regulating blood supply

 Changes in contraction rate and force

match blood delivery to changing

metabolic needs
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Size, Shape, Location
of the Heart Size of a closed fist
Shape
Apex: Blunt
rounded point of
cone
Base: Flat part at

opposite of end of
cone
Located in thoracic
cavity in mediastinum

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Pericardium
The conical sac of fibrous
tissue that surrounds the
heart and the roots of the
great blood vessels.

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Heart Wall
 Layers of tissue
 Epicardium: This serous membrane of
smooth outer surface of heart
 Myocardium: Middle layer composed of

cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for

heart contracting
 Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of

heart chambers
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Heart Wall

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External Anatomy Four chambers
 2 atria
2 ventricles

Major veins
Superior vena

cava
Pulmonary

veins
Major arteries
Aorta

Pulmonary

trunk

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External Anatomy

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Heart Valves
Atrioventricular
 Tricuspid
Bicuspid or

mitral
Semilunar
Aortic

Pulmonary

Prevent blood
from flowing back
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Heart Valves

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Heart Valves

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HEART
The HUMAN HEART
Structure
1. atria (atrium)
 thin wall
left
 collection chamber atrium

 receive blood
2. ventricles right
atrium
 thick wall pump
 pump blood out
right left
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 3. septum: muscular central
wall
dividing the heart into
two halves

4. Valves - prevent the

backward flow of blood in
the heart
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 Lub-dub, lub-dub
 4 valves in the heart
 flaps of connective tissue
 prevent backflow

 Heart sounds SL

 closing of valves
AV
 “Lub”
AV
 force blood against
closed AV valves
 “Dub”

 force of blood against

semilunar valves
 Heart murmur
 leaking valve causes hissing sound
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 blood squirts backward through valve
 The heart functions as a double pump
beating in unison.

1. Deoxygenated blood--relatively low in

oxygen
2. Oxygenated blood--relatively high in
oxygen

** Heartbeat is stimulated by an
electrochemical impulse.

Pacemaker - in the right atrium - initiates

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the heartbeat
 Conducting System of Heart

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 Electrical signals

stimulates ventricles
allows atria to empty to contract from
completely before bottom to top, driving
ventricles contract
blood into arteries

 heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses

 Regents
signal also transmitted to skin = EKG
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Regents Biology
Cardiac Cycle
 Heart is two pumps that work together,
right and left half
 Repetitive contraction (systole) and
relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers
 Blood moves through circulatory system
from areas of higher to lower pressure.
 Contraction of heart produces the

pressure

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Cardiac Cycle

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 Cardiac Cycle
ventricles
How is this fill
reflected in
blood pressure
measurements?

systolic
________
diastolic

chambers fill
pump (peak pressure)
_________________ 110
________ ventricles
fill (minimum
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80
 Measurement of blood pressure

if systolic > 150

hypertension =
or
(high blood pressure)
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Coronary Circulation

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Superior Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle Pathway
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Lungs of the
Pulmonary Vein
Left atrium
blood
Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Aorta
Regents
To the bodies organs & cells
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Blood Flow Through Heart

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 Systemic and Pulmonary
Circulation

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 Effects of Aging on the Heart
 Gradual changes in heart function, minor
under resting condition, more significant
during exercise
 Hypertrophy of left ventricle
 Maximum heart rate decreases
 Increased tendency for valves to function
abnormally and arrhythmias to occur
 Increased oxygen consumption required to
pump same amount of blood
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 Circulatory System
Blood Vessels

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 Blood vessels
arteries veins artery

arterioles
venules arterioles
capillaries

venules

veins

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 Arteries: Built for their job
 Arteries
 blood flows away from heart
 thicker walls

 provide strength for high

pressure pumping of blood
 elastic & stretchable
 maintains blood
pressure even
when heart relaxes

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 Major arteries
aorta carotid = to head
to brain & left arm to right arm
pulmonary to body
artery
coronary pulmonary
arteries artery =
to lungs

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 Coronary artery bypass
bypass surgery

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 Veins: Built for their job
Blood flows
 Veins toward heart
 blood returns back to heartOpen valve
 thinner-walled

 blood travels back to heart

at low speed & pressure
 why low pressure?
 far from heart
 blood flows because muscles
contract when we move Closed valve
 squeeze blood through veins
 valves in large veins
 in larger veins one-way valves
allow blood to flow only toward heart
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 Major Veins
superior
vena cava =
from
upper body
pulmonary
pulmonary
vein =
vein =
from lung
from lung

inferior
vena cava = from lower body
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 Structure-function relationship
 Capillaries
 very thin walls
 allows diffusion of

materials across
waste
capillary body cell
 O2, CO2, H2O, CO2
food, waste

O2
food

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 Circulation of Blood
Circulation
 2 part system to lungs
 Circulation to lungs lungs
 blood gets O2 from lungs
 drops off CO2 to lungs
 brings O2-rich blood from heart
lungs to heart
 Circulation to body
 pumps O2-rich blood to body
body
 picks up nutrients from
digestive system Circulation
 collects CO2 & cell wastes to body
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 Stops along the way…
 Lungs
 pick up O2 / clean out CO2
 Small Intestines
 pick up nutrients from
digested food
 Large Intestines
 pick up water from
digested food
 Liver
 clean out worn out
blood cells
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 More stops along the way…
 Kidneys
 filters out wastes
(urea)
 extra salts, sugars &

water
 Bone
 picks up new red
blood cells
 Spleen
 picks up new white
blood cells
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 Circulatory System & Homeostasis
ATP
 Homeostasis
 keeping the internal environment of the
body balanced
 need to balance food & O2 in
 need to balance energy (ATP) production
 need to balance CO2 & waste out
 Exercise food O2
 heart beat faster CO2
waste
 need more ATP
 bring in more O2 & food; remove more CO2 & waste out
 Disease
 poor lung or heart function = heart beat faster
 need to work harder to bring in O2 & food & remove wastes
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 Circulatory System
Blood

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 How much blood is in the human
body?

About 5 liters

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 Some Blood Functions

Why do we need blood?????????

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 In general, the blood is a fluid tissue
helping to maintain homeostasis for all
cells in the body.

 Transport needed substances to body

cells. (oxygen, amino acids, glucose,
fatty acids, glycerol, salts, etc.)

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2. Transport of wastes from
cells. (urea, water, carbon
dioxide in the form of the
bicarbonate ion)
3. Helps to maintain a constant
body temperature.
4. Aids the body in fighting
disease.
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Blood & blood cells
 Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells
 plasma
 liquid part of blood
 dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more
 cells

 red blood cells (RBC)

transport O2 in hemoglobin
 white blood cells (WBC)
defense & immunity
 platelets
blood clotting
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A.Plasma
Liquid portion of the
blood. Contains
clotting factors,
hormones,
antibodies,
dissolved gases,
nutrients and waste
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Plasma
 Straw colored,
 90% Water
 Helps to regulate body
temperature
 Contains Electrolytes
 Plasma transports
blood cells, products
of digestion and
hormones throughout
the body.

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 Blood Cell production
ribs, vertebrae,
breastbone & pelvis

 Stem cells
 “parent” cells
in bone white blood cells
marrow white blood
 differentiate cells
into many
different types
of cells red blood
cells

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Why is blood red?
 Blood is red
because it
contains
hemoglobin and
iron rich
pigment.

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What does hemoglobin do?
 Hemoglobin
picks up the
oxygen
molecules
and drops off
CO2

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Carbon Monoxide
 Binds to RBC
better than
oxygen.
 Not good
 Kills us silently

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Erythrocytes
Shaped like
round plates
indented in
the center.
Have no
nucleus
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Red blood cells
 Small round cells
 produced in bone marrow

 5 liters of blood in body

 5-6 million RBC in drop of

human blood
 last 3-4 months (120 days)

 filtered out by liver

 ~3 million RBC destroyed
each second
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 Erythrocytes - Red
Blood Cells

Carry hemoglobin
and oxygen. Do not
have a nucleus and
live only about 120
days.

Can not repair

themselves.
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Hemoglobin
 Protein which carries O2
 250,000 hemoglobins in 1 red blood cell

O2 O2

O2 O2

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Anemia
 Occurs when the
blood does not
have enough
hemoglobin.
 Treated by taking
in more iron
 Because iron
makes up
hemoglobin
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 What’s wrong with this picture?

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Sickle Cell Anemia
 Genetic disease
 Red blood cells
become sickle
shape
 Cant carry as
much oxygen

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 White Blood Cells

 Fight
infections
 Large in size
 Have a
nucleus
 Phagocyte
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Leukocytes –
White Blood cells
Fight infection and are
formed in the bone
marrow

 Five types – neutrophils,

lymphocytes, eosinophils,
basophils, and
monocytes.

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Platelets
 Smallest part of
blood
 No nucleus
 Live 2-4 days
 Involved in
clotting of blood

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Thrombocytes –
Platelets.

These are cell fragment

that are formed in the
bone marrow from
magakaryocytes.

 Clot Blood by sticking

together – via protein
fibers called fibrin.
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 Bone marrow
Makes
the cells
of the
blood

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  Bone marrow
is located
inside certain
long bones.

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 Leukemia

 Form of cancer in
which the bone
marrow makes too
many white blood
cells.

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 emergency repair of circulatory system
Blood clotting
chemical platelets protein fibers
emergency seal the hole build the clot
signals

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 Cardiovascular disease
 Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis
 deposits inside arteries (plaques)
 develop in inner wall of the arteries,
narrowing their channel
 increase blood pressure
 increase risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney damage

normal artery hardening of arteries

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 Malfunctions and disorders of the
heart and blood vessels
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
--caused by a narrowing of the arterioles
resulting in an increased resistance to the
flow of blood--increases
the strain on the heart

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 Causes implicated:
1. excess sodium intakeI
2. stress
3. cigarettes (nicotine)
4. saturated fats
5. alcohol & caffeine
6. obesity
7. heredity & aging
No cure--may be treated by medication & diet.
"Silent killer"--millions don't know they have it

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 Angina pectoris
--pain in the chest which radiates into the
left shoulder and arm
--occurs especially when physical
exertion results in a lack of oxygen
supply to the heart muscle
--caused by a reduction of blood supply
due to partial blockage(s) of coronary
arteries

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 Coronary thrombosis - heart attack

--caused by a blood clot in a coronary

artery that stops circulation to part of
the heart muscle
--attack is fatal if much heart muscle is
involved

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 Cardiovascular health bypass surgery
 Risk Factors
 genetics
 diet

 high animal fat

 exercise & lifestyle
 smoking
 lack of exercise

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 Name the parts of the blood?

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 S
R T

Q
P

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Regents Biology