Circulatory System

in Animals

Regents Biology 2006-2007

 Feeding the Need
for Energy
 Supplies in
 fuel (sugars)
 digestive system
 oxygen
 respiratory system
 Waste out
 CO2
 respiratory system
 Need to pick up & deliver
the supplies & wastes
around the body
 circulatory system
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 Simpler organisms
When your body is only 2-cell layers thick, you can
get supplies in and waste out just through diffusion
 all cells within easy reach of fluid

Jellyfish
Regents Biology Hydra
 Circulatory system
 Made up of 3 parts
 organ
 heart
 tissues & cells
 blood
 red blood cells
 blood vessels
(vascular system)
 arteries
 veins
 capillaries
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 Circulatory systems
 All animals have:
 muscular pump = heart
 tubes = blood vessels

 circulatory fluid = “blood”

open closed

hemolymph
Regents Biology blood
 Vertebrate Heart
 4-Chambered heart
 atria (atrium)
 thin wall
 collection chamber
left
 receive blood atrium
 ventricles
 thick wall pump
right
 pump blood out atrium

right left
Regents Biology ventricle ventricle
 Evolution of circulatory system
Not everyone has a 4-chambered heart

fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals

2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber

Birds AND
mammals!
Wassssup?!
V
A A A A A A
A V V V V
V

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 Evolution of circulatory systems
 What advantage was a
4-chambered heart
 increase body size
 fuel warm-blooded

 enable flight

 Higher energy needs

 greater need for energy,
fuel, O2, waste removal
 warm-blooded animals &
convergent
flying need 10x energy
evolution
 need to deliver 10x fuel & O2
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 Heart valves
 4 valves in the heart
 flaps of connective tissue
 prevent backflow SL
 Atrioventricular (AV) valve AV
 between atrium & ventricle AV
 keeps blood from flowing back
into atria when ventricles pump
 “lub”
 Semilunar valves
 between ventricle & arteries
 prevent backflow from arteries into

ventricles
 “dub”
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 Lub-dub, lub-dub
 Heart sounds
 closing of valves
 “Lub”
SL
 force blood against
AV
closed AV valves
AV
 “Dub”
 force of blood against
semilunar valves
 Heart murmur
 leaking valve causes hissing sound
 blood squirts backward through valve

Regents Biology
 Cardiac cycle
 1 complete sequence of pumping
 heart contracts & pumps
 heart relaxes & chambers fill

 contraction phase

 systole
 ventricles pumps blood out
 relaxation phase
 diastole
 atria refill with blood
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 Electrical signals

stimulates ventricles
allows atria to empty to contract from
completely before bottom to top, driving
ventricles contract
blood into arteries

 heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses

 Regents
signal also transmitted to skin = EKG
Biology
 Cardiac Cycle
ventricles
How is this fill
reflected in
blood pressure
measurements?

systolic
________
diastolic

chambers fill
pump (peak pressure)
_________________ 110
________ ventricles
fill (minimum
Regents Biology pressure) pump
80
 Measurement of blood pressure

if systolic > 150

hypertension =
or
(high blood pressure)
Regents Biology if diastolic > 90
 Any Questions??

Regents Biology 2006-2007

 Circulatory System
Blood Vessels

Regents Biology 2006-2007

 Blood vessels
arteries veins artery

arterioles
venules arterioles
capillaries

venules

veins

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 Arteries: Built for their job
 Arteries
 blood flows away from heart
 thicker walls

 provide strength for high

pressure pumping of blood
 elastic & stretchable
 maintains blood
pressure even
when heart relaxes

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 Major arteries
aorta carotid = to head
to brain & left arm to right arm
pulmonary to body
artery
coronary pulmonary
arteries artery =
to lungs

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 Veins: Built for their job
Blood flows
 Veins toward heart
 blood returns back to heartOpen valve
 thinner-walled

 blood travels back to heart

at low speed & pressure
 why low pressure?
 far from heart
 blood flows because muscles
contract when we move Closed valve
 squeeze blood through veins
 valves in large veins
 in larger veins one-way valves
allow blood to flow only toward heart
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 Major Veins
superior
vena cava =
from
upper body
pulmonary
pulmonary
vein =
vein =
from lung
from lung

inferior
vena cava = from lower body
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 Structure-function relationship
 Capillaries
 very thin walls
 allows exchange of

materials across
capillary

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 Controlling blood flow to tissues
 Capillary function
 exchange between blood & tissues
 O2, CO2, H2O, food, waste
 blood flow in capillaries controlled by
pre-capillary sphincter valves

pre-capillary
Regents Biology sphincters open pre-capillary sphincters closed
 Capillary Beds
 Blood flow
 at any given time, only 5-10%
of body’s capillaries have
blood flowing through them
 supply varies as blood is needed
 after a meal, blood supply to
digestive tract increases
 during strenuous exercise, blood
is diverted from digestive tract to
Why? skeletal muscles
 capillaries in brain, heart,
kidneys & liver usually filled
to capacity
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 Circulation of Blood
Circulation
 2 part system to lungs
 Circulation to lungs lungs
 blood gets O2 from lungs
 brings O2-rich blood back
to heart
 Circulation to body heart
 pumps O2-rich blood to
body
 picks up nutrients from
digestive system body
 brings CO2 & cell wastes
from body to heart Circulation
to body
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 Vertebrate circulatory system
 2 part system

lungs
artery vein from lungs
to lungs to heart
heart

vein from body artery

to heart to body
body

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 Stops along the way…
 Lungs
 pick up O2 / clean out CO2
 Small Intestines
 pick up nutrients from
digested food
 Large Intestines
 pick up water from
digested food
 Liver
 clean out worn out
blood cells
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 More stops along the way…
 Kidneys
 filters out wastes
(urea)
 excess salts, sugars

& water
 Bone
 picks up new red
blood cells
 Spleen
 picks up new white
blood cells
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 Any Questions??

Regents Biology 2006-2007

 Circulatory System
Blood

Regents Biology 2006-2007

 Blood & blood cells
 Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells
 plasma (55% of volume)
 fluid
 dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more
 cells (45% of volume)
 red blood cells (RBC)
 transport O2 in hemoglobin
 white blood cells (WBC)
 defense & immunity
 platelets
 blood clotting
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 ribs, vertebrae,
Blood Cell production breastbone & pelvis

 Stem cells
 “parent” cells
in bone white blood cells
marrow white blood
 differentiate cells
into many
different types
of cells red blood
cells

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 Red blood cells
 Small round cells
 produced in bone marrow
 lose nuclei & mitochondria

 more space for hemoglobin

 iron-containing protein that transports O2
 last 3-4 months (120 days)
 filtered out by liver
 ~3 million RBC destroyed each second

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 Hemoglobin
 Protein which carries O2

O2

O2

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 Red blood cell production
 5-6 million RBC in tiny drop of human
blood
 5 liters of blood in body = 25 trillion RBC
 produce ~3 million RBC every second in
bone marrow to replace cells lost
 each RBC 250,000 molecules

hemoglobin
 each Hb molecule carries 4 O
2

 each RBC carries 1 million O2

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 emergency repair of circulatory system
Blood clotting
chemical platelets fibrin protein fibers
emergency seal the hole build clot
signals

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 Cardiovascular disease
 Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis
 deposits inside arteries (plaques)
 develop in inner wall of the arteries,
narrowing their channel
 increase blood pressure
 increase risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney damage

normal artery hardening of arteries

Regents Biology
 Cardiovascular health bypass surgery
 Genetic effects
 Diet
 diet rich in animal fat
increases risk of CV
disease
 Exercise & lifestyle
 smoking & lack of
exercise increases risk
of CV disease

Regents Biology
 Cardiovascular health (U.S. 2001)
Heart Disease 696,947
Cancer 557,271
Stroke 162,672
Chronic lower respiratory diseases 124,816
Accidents (unintentional injuries) 106,742
Diabetes 73,249
Influenza/Pneumonia 65,681
Alzheimer's disease 58,866
Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome &
40,974
nephrosis
Septicemia 33,865
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 Heart Disease
Heart disease death rates 1996-2002
Adults ages 35 and older

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 Women & Heart Disease
Death rates for heart disease per 100,000 women, 2002

Risk factors
 Smoking
 Lack of exercise
 High fat diet
 Overweight

 Heart disease is 3rd leading cause of death

among women aged 25–44 years & 2nd
leading cause of death among women aged
45–64 years.
Regents Biology
 Any Questions??

Regents Biology 2006-2007

 Lymphatic system
 Parallel circulatory system
 transports WBC
 defending against infection
 collects interstitial fluid &
returns to blood
 maintains volume & protein
concentration of blood
 drains into circulatory system
near junction of vena cava &
right atrium
 transports fats from digestive
system to circulatory system
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 Lymph System

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 Thermoregulation
 Vasodilation & vasoconstriction
 adjusts blood flow
 evaporative cooling

Vasoconstriction
Regents Biology Vasodilation
 Counter Current Exchange
blood from arteries warms blood in veins
36˚C
core body
temperature

5˚C
Warm blood
temperature
Veins
of environment
Artery

Veins
Cold blood
Capillary
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Biology
 Coronary arteries
bypass surgery

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