Single circulatorysystem fish

heart

Q
9,445

62 T

C body

Double circulatory system mammals

R L Advantagesof adouble

circulatory system

The oxygenated

blood deoxygenatedbloods

circulation am

Deoxygenated ftp Blood pressure is high

blood 13
from heart to body

bloodpressure to supplycells withOr

high

systemic glucosequickly

circulation enough blood

pressure to the

heart is lower to

preventdamageto the

lungs
Double circulatorysystem when the blood goesthrough theheart

twice in a complete circuit

The structureof theheart

Mathes'dedygenategood arterythat carries bloodto

thebody

s carriesbloodto

veinwhich thelungs veinthat carries
carries deoxygenated

bloodfroyo bloodfromthelungs

the Looneyvein which

atrioventricular oxygenated blood

Yaffuspidl atrioventricular valve

f bicuspid valve

septum

thickerventricle

Semidey pumpsblood tothe body

at highpressure

separates leftt right sideof

heart so oxygenated deoxygena

The cardiaccycle blooddo not mix

Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium fromthepulmonary vein

Atrial systole occurs atrial contraction the atrioventricular bicusp

valvesopen blood flows in the ventrical The semilunar valve

closes to preventbackflow ofblood into the ventricle

At the same time the bloodenters theright atrium through

the vena cava atrial diastole relaxation

the atrium contracts thetricuspid valves open blood is
atggosh c pushed to the ventricle

Ventricular systole contraction ofthe ventricles atrioventricular

valves close to prevent backflow of blood into the atria

the semilunar valves open Blood flows to the pulmonary

artery to the lungs the aorta to the body

Diastole the heart relaxes the cycle starts again

Heart rate can be measured using an ECG

I heart beat I contraction I relaxation
if

Pacemaker a group cells near the right atrium which

of

send electrical impulses down the cardiac musclehear

If thisdoesn't work an artificial pacemaker is placed

Structure function of blood vessels

Arteries Capillaries veins

walls

thick a thick Thinner

way walls
lumen

Lumen

Narrow Small Large

load

pressureHigh very low low

blood Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood

ype

of Both
exceptpulmonary except thepulmonary

artery vein

alves

No values No valves valves

Howthe vessels are adapted to theirfunctions

Explanations

Arteries have thick walls to withstand bloodpressure
high

Arteries have lotsof elastic fibres to recoil

Veins donotneedto withstand a high bloodpressure so havethinnerwall

Arteries have a small lumen to maintain
highbloodptressues.ttfibre

Veins have valves to preventthe backflow blood due to low
of

pressure

Capillaries are one cell thick forefficient diffusion

blood in which

substancesdissolves

Ii

i j

A arts aint

Imam

ofthe lapidaries into the

artery lowerpressure tissue fluid t the into cells for

Tissue fluid is plasmathatteakedhiet of the capillaries

does not contain red blood cells or protein

Calculating heart rate

a n n p p p

i 16s timeis

I beat 1 6s

X 60 s I min

Blood cells

Red

blood Biconcave

cells No nucleus so it can have space for
haemoglobin to carry Or around thebody

Or haemoglobin oxyhaemoglobin

Phagocytes

Engulfs pathogens byphagocytosis

Has a lobbed nucleus

ymphocytes

Have a large nucleus

make antibodies

Platelets

Fragments of cells needed for blood clotting

Plasma

Liquid partofthe blood which transports substances

such as Oz glucose CO2 urea hormones protein

Blood clotting

Platelets rush to the site of

the wound they release

clotting factors

Enzymes clotting factors

help to convert the

g soluble fibrinogen to
fibrin which is insoluble

fibrinogen fibrin

The fibrinforms a meshof

fibres at the wound which

prevent further loss of

blood pathogens from

entering

Redblood cells gettrapped

in the fibrin form a blood

clot which dries to form a

scab

Aorta

1 hardens walls

ofartery

CHD
coronary

heartdisease

Blood flow is blocked by a clot

so cells ofthe heart cannot

their supply of On glucose

get
for respiration

Noenergy available for contraction

maanoesosc

IE.gs

lack of exercise

smoking

Genetic

Gender females have oestrogen which protects the

arteries from damage



Treating C HD

vein Bloodflowsthrough a grafted vein to

By pass KIT bypassthe clot

IIE

is

artery

Fosterow

Effectsof physicalactivityonthe heart

Heart rate increases

Faster blood flow to muscles cells

On glucose are supplied faster

Respiration produces energy faster

hepatii liver

renal kidney

lungs pulmonary

wings

lawayfrom

relived tolived

Fromthe

small intestine

tothelivert

kidneys