CardiAC Anatomy and

Physiology

PRESENTED BY:
LADY ANGELITA L. TICZON RM,RN
 Anatomy of the Heart
The cardiovascular system can
be compared to a muscular
pump equipped with one-way
valves and a system of large
and small plumbing tubes
within which the blood travels.

The modest size and weight of the heart

give few hints of its incredible strength.
Associated Great Vessels

Associated Great Vessels

The great blood vessels provide a pathway for the entire cardiac circulation to proceed.
Superior and inferior vena cava. The heart receives relatively oxygen-poor
blood from the veins of the body through the large superior and inferior vena cava and
pumps it through the pulmonary trunk.
Pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary trunk splits into the right and left pulmonary
arteries, which carry blood to the lungs, where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is
unloaded.
Pulmonary veins. Oxygen-rich blood drains from the lungs and is returned to the left
side of the heart through the four pulmonary veins.
Aorta. Blood returned to the left side of the heart is pumped out of the heart into the
aorta from which the systemic arteries branch to supply essentially all body tissues.
 Circulatory system

The heart is a hollow muscular organ made of specialized cells that allow it
to act as a pump within the circulatory system

Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

• Blood
make up the circulatory system a vast
• Nutrients To and from the Cells of
network of organs and vessels
• Hormones the body
responsible for the flow of:
• Oxygen + other gases

Heart The Lymphatic system The Cardiovascular system

• Lymph • Blood
• Lymph nodes • Blood vessels
• Lymph vessels • Heart
 The heart

Primary Function is to drive blood through

the cardiovascular system delivering:
•Oxygenated blood to the tissues and organs
of the body sufficient for their metabolic
needs
•Deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gaseous
exchange

The Heart is: • Located between the lungs in

the center and to the left of the midline • It is
cone shaped and about the size of your own
clenched fist • Can never stop pumping
The average human adult has 4-6 liters
of blood repeatedly cycled throughout
the body in a closed circulatory system.
It is called a closed system because the
blood is contained within the heart and
blood vessels at all time and blood
always flows in a forward direction.
LAYERS OF THE HEART
Stroke Volume = The amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles per beat / contraction (approx
70mls in a healthy adult male E

Cardiac Output (CO)

Amount of blood ejected by the heart per minute = cardiac output (CO)
In a healthy resting adult CO = approx 5-6 litres
CO = Heart Rate x Stroke volume
PULMONARY & SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
Cardiac Circulation Vessels
Although the heart chambers are bathed with blood almost
continuously, the blood contained in the heart does not nourish
the myocardium.
 Coronary arteries. The coronary arteries branch from the
base of the aorta and encircle the heart in the coronary
sulcus (atrioventricular groove) at the junction of the atria
and ventricles, and these arteries are compressed when the
ventricles are contracting and fill when the heart is relaxed.
 Cardiac veins. The myocardium is drained by several
cardiac veins, which empty into an enlarged vessel on the
posterior of the heart called the coronary sinus.
Blood Vessels
Blood circulates inside the blood vessels, which form a
closed transport system, the so-called vascular system.
 Arteries. As the heart beats, blood is propelled into
large arteries leaving the heart.
 Arterioles. It then moves into successively smaller
and smaller arteries and then into arterioles, which
feed the capillary beds in the tissues.
 Veins. Capillary beds are drained by venules, which
in turn empty into veins that finally empty into the
great veins entering the heart.
 Heart Valves

The heart is equipped with four valves, which allow blood to

flow in only one direction through the heart chambers.

•Atrioventricular valves. Atrioventricular or AV valves are

located between the atrial and ventricular chambers on each
side, and they prevent backflow into the atria when the
ventricles contract.
•Bicuspid valves. The left AV valve- the bicuspid or mitral
valve, consists of two flaps, or cusps, of endocardium.
•Tricuspid valve. The right AV valve, the tricuspid valve, has
three flaps.
•Semilunar valve. The second set of valves, the semilunar
valves, guards the bases of the two large arteries leaving the
ventricular chambers, thus they are known as the pulmonary
and aortic semilunar valves.
HEART SOUNDS

S1 – first heart sound “lub” S3 – murmur sound

- systole - ventricular gallop
- closure of A-V valve - normal upto 6mos.
- closure of tricuspid + mitral - CHF
- ventricular depolarization
- contraction S4 – due to rapid filling of blood
- QRS COMPLEX in the ventricle
- atrial gallop
S2 – second sound “dub” - HTN
- diastole
- closure of semilunar valve
- closure of aortic+pulmonic
- ventricular repolarization
- relaxation
- T-wave
BLOOD VOLUME DISTRIBUTION
 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION
There are 2 basic types of cardiac cell (Myocytes)
•Myocardial cells contractile respond to an electrical impulse
and contract
•Specialized cells the conduction system generates electrical
impulses and transmits them through the myocardium

SA NODE – initiates cardiac contraction

>POWER OF AUTOMATICICITY – capacity of SA
node to initiate contraction.
*Ca+ = initiates contraction
*K+ = maintains cardiac contraction
*Pace Maker – maintains normal rate
and rhythm.

Site of electrical Impulse Generation Rate of impulse generation / min SA node

60 - 100
AV node 40 - 60
Ventricles < 40
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
Thank you

L.A