TEFL ENTLRIVCE

LEFT VENTRICLE
ELFT IRMUTA

LEFT ATRIUM
GIRHT MIRUTA

RIGHT ATRIUM
USRREIO ANVE CVAA

SUPERIOR VENA
CAVA
AAORT

AORTA
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 WHAT IS
C ARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM?
 THE HEART IS A MUSCULAR ORGAN
ABOUT THE SIZE OF A FIST, LOCATED
JUST BEHIND AND SLIGHTLY LEFT OF
THE BREASTBONE. THE HEART PUMPS
BLOOD THROUGH THE NETWORK OF
ARTERIES AND VEINS CALLED THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
MAJOR STRUCTURES THAT MAKE THIS
POSSIBLE ARE THE;
 CIRCULATORY PATHWAY

• PULMONARY PATHWAY • SYSTEMIC PATHWAY

- Right side - Left side
- Oxygenated - Pumps Blood
- In the lungs - Throughout the body
 THE HEART IS

Your heart is a vital organ. It is a

muscle that pumps blood to all
parts of your body. The blood
pumped by your heart provides
your body with the oxygen and
nutrients it needs to function.
• A muscular organ
• Has 4 hallow chambers
- 2 Atria (upper chambers)
- 2 ventricles (lower chambers)
• 3 layers of tissues
- Endocardium (innermost layer)
- Myocardium (middle layer)
- Pericardium (outer layer)
THE 4 CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
 RIGHT ATRIUM

The right atrium receives

blood from the veins and
pumps it to the right
ventricle.
 RIGHT VENTRICLE

The right ventricle receives

blood from the right atrium
and pumps it to the lungs,
where it is loaded with
oxygen.
 LEFT ATRIUM

The left atrium receives

oxygenated blood from the
lungs and pumps it to the left
ventricle.
 LEFT VENTRICLE

The left ventricle (the

strongest chamber) pumps
oxygen-rich blood to the
rest of the body. The left
ventricle’s vigorous
contractions create our
blood pressure.
THE TISSUES OF THE HEART
 ENDOC ARDIUM

The endocardium is a thin,

smooth tissue that makes up
the lining of the chambers
and valves of the heart.
 MYOC ARDIUM

This muscle tissue, which

contracts and releases
involuntarily, is responsible
for keeping the heart
pumping blood around the
body.
 PERICARDIUM

The pericardium is a thin sac

that surrounds your heart. It
protects and lubricates your
heart and keeps it in place
within your chest.
 BLOOD VESSELS

Blood vessels are the

channels or conduits through
which blood is distributed to
body tissues. The vessels
make up two closed systems
of tubes that begin and end
at the heart.
THREE KINDS OF BLOOD VESSELS
 ARTERIES

Arteries carry oxygenated

blood away from the heart.
They’re tough on the
outside but they contain a
smooth interior layer of
epithelial cells that allows
blood to flow easily.
 C APILLARIES

Capillaries connect the

arteries to veins. The arteries
deliver the oxygen-rich
blood to the capillaries,
where the actual exchange
of oxygen and carbon
dioxide occurs.
 VEINS

Veins carry the blood back

to the heart. They’re similar
to arteries but not as strong
or as thick. Unlike arteries,
veins contain valves that
ensure blood flows in only
one direction.
 THE BLOOD VESSELS ARE SIMILAR
TO THE TWO HIGHWAY SYSTEM.

One line is the Arteries One line is the Veins

Starting from the heart, the blood flows to the

body through the arterial blood vessels.
 THEY FURTHER DIVIDED INTO
ARTERIOLES AND ARTERIAL CAPILLARIES

• Arterioles are smaller blood • Capillaries are the smallest

vessels that branch out from blood vessels in our body.
the arteries and lead to the
capillaries.
Arteria Capillaries Venous Capillaries
• Drop off oxygen and • Pick up metabolic
nutrients to the body’s waste from the
cells. body’s cells.
• Flows away from the • Flows towards
heart. the heart.
• Bright red in color. • Blackish red in
color.

• Together they form a network for arteries and

veins connect completing the circulatory circuit.
• The blood will flow back from the body to the
heart through venous blood vessels.
 WHAT IS BLOOD?

Blood
• Is a fluid/liquid (plasma).
• Plasma is 90% water.
• Contains many different
substances.
BLOOD HAS 3 MAIN
SUBSTANCES
ERYTHROCYTES / RED
BLOOD CELLS

Red blood cell, also called

erythrocyte, cellular
component of blood, millions
of which in the circulation of
vertebrates give the blood
its characteristic colour and
carry oxygen from the lungs
to the tissues.
LEUKOCYTES / WHITE
BLOOD CELLS

They defend the body

against infection and disease
by: ingesting foreign materials
and cellular debris; by
destroying infectious agents
and cancer cells; or by
producing antibodies.
 THROMBOCYTES /
PLATELETS

Platelets are tiny blood cells

that help your body form
clots to stop bleeding. If one
of your blood vessels gets
damaged, it sends out signals
to the platelets. The platelets
then rush to the site of
damage and form a plug
(clot) to fix the damage.
THE HEART HAS ITS OWN ELECTRICAL
SYSTEM DESIGN TO WORK ON ITS
OWN
 THE CONDUCTIVE PATHWAY WITHIN
THE HEART HAS FOUR MAIN STATIONS
THROUGH WHICH IT SENSE ITS
ELECTRICAL IMPULSES IN ORDER TO
KEEP BEATING
THE CONDUCTIVE PATHWAY
 THE SA NODE

Known as the peacemaker.

 THE AV NODE

Located on the back wall of

the heart between the right
atria and the right ventricle
THE BUNDLE OF HIS

Located in the heart’s

septum.
THE PURKINJE FIBRES

Which spread the electrical

charge throughout the
myocardium which is the
cardiac muscle.
 TYPES OF BLOOD

“Dispite your color, religion, and ethnicity we all

bleed the same color of blood”
Our Red Blood Cells contain a
protein called hemoglobin that
binds to oxygen
- Allowing the cell to transport it
throughout the body.
Antigens
- Serve as identifying markers,
allowing the immune system to
recognize your body’s own cell
without attacking them as
foreign bodies.
TWO KINDS OF ANTIGENS

A and B
Determine your blood type
BUT HOW DO WE GET FOUR BLOOD
TYPES WERE ONLY TWO ANTIGENS?
ANTIGENS ARE CODED FOR THREE
DIFFERENT ALLELES, VARIETIES OF A
PARTICULAR GENES.
WHY DO BLOOD TYPE MATTER?

For blood transfusion finding a correct one is a

matter of life and death.
 WHAT IS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
(CVD)?

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is Major cardiovascular disorder

a leading cause of death in include atherosclerosis, stroke,
western councountries. heart attack, aneurysm, and
hypertension.
 ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Is due to a buildup of fatty

material (plaque), mainly
cholesterol, under the inner
lining of arteries.
 CEREBROVASCULAR
ACCIDENT / STROKE

Results when an embolus

lodge in a cerebral blood
vessels are a cerebral blood
vessels bursts; a portion of
the brain dies due to lack of
oxygen.
MYOC ARDIAL INFRACTION
/ HEART ATTACK

Occurs when a portion of

heart muscle dies due to lack
of oxygen.
Partial blackheads of a
coronary arteries causes
angina pectoris or chest
pain.
 ANEURYSM

Is a ballooning of a blood
vessels, usually in the
abdominal aorta light year is
leading to the brain.
Death results if the
aneurysm is in a large vessels
and the vessels burst.
 HYPERTENSION

About 20% of americans

suffer from hypertension
(high blood pressure)
A genetic predisposition for
hypertension icarus and
those who have a gene that
codes for angiotensinogen, a
powerful vasoconstrictor.
 HEART TRANSPLANT

Are routinely performed but

immunosuppressive drugs
must be taken thereafter.
 ARTIFICIAL HEART

Work is currently under way

to improve self contained
artificial hearts and muscle
cell transplant a medicine
table useful.
 RECAP

What is Cardiovascular System?

What are the two circulatory pathway?
3 layers of tissues?
What is blood?
Types of blood?