The Cardiovascular System

Sit Dolor Amet

Dr. LOPEZ MARTINEZ CARLOS
3°A

Alarcón, Cancino, Casas, Galván.

STRUCTURES, COMBINING FORMS, AND FUNCTIONS
OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Major Structures Related Combining Forms Primary Functions
Receives blood from the veins and
Heart card/o, cardi/o
pumps blood into the arteries.
Transport blood to and from all
Blood Vessels angi/o, vas/o
areas of the body
Transport blood away from the
Arteries arteri/o
heart to all parts of the body.
Permit the exchange of nutrients
Capillaries capill/o and waste products between the
blood and the cells.
Return blood from all body parts to
Veins phleb/o, ven/o
the heart.
Brings oxygen and nutrients to the
Blood hem/o, hemat/o
cells and carries away waste.
 Word Parts
Word Part Meaning
Angi/o Blood or lymph vessel
Aort/o aorta
Arteri/o Artery
brady Slow
Cardi/o Heart
-crasia A mixture or blending
-emia Blood, blood condition
Erythr/o Red
Hem/o, hemat/o Blood, relatimg to the blood
Leuk/o White
Phleb/o Vein
tachy Fast, rapid
Thromb/o Clot
Ven/o Vein
 FUNCTIONS OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
 These structures work together to efficiently pump blood to all body tissues.

Blood is a fluid tissue that transports oxygen and nutrients to

the body tissues. Cardiovascular:
means pertaining to the heart
and blood vessels (cardi/o
Blood returns some waste products from these tissues to the means heart, vascul means
blood vessels, and -ar means
kidneys and carries carbon dioxide back to the lungs. pertaining to).

Blood cells also play important roles in the immune system,

and in the endocrine system.
 STRUCTURES OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 The major structures of the cardiovascular system are the heart, blood vessels, and
blood.

Pericardiu Walls of the

Heart
m heart

Chambers Valves of Blood

of the Heart the Heart Vessels
The Heart

 The heart is a hollow, muscular

organ located in the thoracic cavity,
between the lungs.
 It is a very effective pump that
furnishes the power to maintain the
blood flow needed throughout the
entire body.
 The Pericardium
The visceral
pericardium is the
inner layer of the
Pericardial fluid is pericardium that
found between these also forms the outer
two layers, where it layer of the heart.
The parietal acts as a lubricant to When referred to as
pericardium is a prevent friction as
 Is the double-walled membranous sac fibrous sac that the heart beats.
the outer layer of the
heart, it is known as
surrounds and
that encloses the heart (peri- means protects the heart.
the epicardium.

surrounding, cardi means heart, and -

um is a singular noun ending).
 Membranous means pertaining to
membrane, which is a thin layer of
pliable tissue that covers or encloses a
body part.
 The Walls of the Heart
Epicardium External layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium (epi- means
upon, cardi means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending).

Myocardiu The middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers (my/o means muscle, cardi
means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending).
m
Also known as myocardial muscle, this consists of specialized cardiac muscle
tissue that is capable of the constant contraction and relaxation of this muscle
that creates the pumping movement that is necessary to maintain the flow of
blood throughout the body.
Endocardiu Consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart (endo- means
m within, cardi means heart, and -um is a singular noun ending). This is the
surface that comes into direct contact with the blood as it is being pumped
through the heart.
 The Chambers of the Heart

The atria are the two upper chambers of the heart, and these chambers are
divided by interatrial septum. (A septum is a wall that separates two
chambers.)

The atria are the receiving chambers, and all blood enters the heart
through these chambers. The singular form of atria is atrium.

The ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart, and these
chambers are divided by the interventricular septum.

The walls of the ventricles are thicker than those of the atria because the
ventricles must pump blood throughout the entire body.
 The Valves of the Heart
• The flow of blood through the heart is controlled by four valves as described in this section.
• If any of these valves is not working correctly, blood cannot flow properly through the heart and cannot be pumped effectively to all
parts of the body

Tricuspid valve
• Controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
• The term tricuspid means having three points, and this describes the shape of this
valve.
Pulmonary semilunar valve
• Is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
• This valve is shaped like a half-moon.

Mitral valve
• Is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
• Mitral means shaped like a hat.
• This valve is also known as the bicuspid valve because bicuspid means having two
points, which describes the shape of this valve.

Aortic semilunar valve

• Is located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
Blood Flow Through the Heart

The red arrows Deoxygenated means

Oxygenated means
indicate oxygenated oxygen poor, or not
oxygen rich or
blood, and blue arrows yet containing an
containing an adequate
indicate deoxygenated adequate supply of
supply of oxygen.
blood. oxygen
 Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation
1) The pulmonary arteries
carry deoxygenated blood
out of the right ventricle
and into the lungs. This is
the only place in the body
where deoxygenated
blood is carried by
arteries instead of veins.

6)From here, the blood

2) In the lungs, carbon
flows into the pulmonary
dioxide from the body is
circulation before being
exchanged for oxygen
pumped out of the heart
from the inhaled air.
into the arteries again.

3) The pulmonary veins

carry the oxygenated
blood from the lungs into
5) The veins carry
the left atrium of the
deoxygenated blood into
heart. This is the only
the right atrium.
place in the body where
veins carry oxygenated
blood.

4) Oxygenated blood
flows out of the left
ventricle and into arterial
circulation.
The Heartbeat
Ability to pump blood effectively throughout
the body.
 The rate and regularity of the heartbeat is
determined by electrical impulses from
nerves that stimulate the myocardium of
the chambers of the heart.
 Also known as the conduction system,
these electrical impulses are controlled by
the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular
(AV) node, and the bundle of His
 Electrical Waves
The activities of the electrical conduction system of the
heart can be visualized as wave movements on a monitor or
an electrocardiogram.
The term sinus rhythm refers to the normal beating of the
heart.
 P wave
 Is due to the stimulation (contraction) of the atria.
 QRS complex
 Shows the stimulation (contraction) of the ventricles. The
atria relax as the ventricles contract.
 T wave
 Is the recovery (relaxation) of the ventricles.
 The Blood Vessels
 There are three types of blood vessels: arteries, capillaries, and veins
Arteries

• Large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body.
• This structure makes the arteries are muscular and elastic so they can expand and
contract with the pumping beat of the heart.
• Arterial blood is bright red in color because it is oxygen rich.

Arterioles

• The smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries.

Capillaries

• Smallest blood vessels in the body.

• The capillaries form networks of expanded vascular beds that have the important
role of delivering oxygen and nutrients to the cells of the tissues.

Veins

• Form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart.

• The walls of the veins are thinner and less elastic than those of the arteries.

Venules

• The smallest veins that join to form the larger veins.

 PATHOLOGY OF THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
  Congenital Heart Defects  Coronary Artery Disease
(CAD)
End-stage coronary
Is atherosclerosis of artery disease is
Structural abnormalities the coronary arteries characterized by
Some congenital heart that reduces the blood unrelenting angina
caused by the failure of supply to the heart pain and a severely
defects are apparent at muscle. limited lifestyle.
the heart to develop
birth, whereas others may
normally before birth.
not be detected until later
Congenital means present
in life
at birth. This creates an
insufficient supply of
oxygen that can cause
angina (pain), a
myocardial infarction
(heart attack), or
death.
 Atherosclerosis

Is hardening and narrowing This type of plaque, which

of the arteries caused by a is found within the lumen of The lumen is the opening
buildup of cholesterol an artery, is a fatty deposit within these vessels through
plaque on the interior walls that is similar to the buildup which the blood flows.
of the arteries. of rust inside a pipe.

The plaque can protrude An atheroma is a deposit of

outward into the lumen plaque on or within the
from the wall of the blood arterial wall (ather means
vessel or protrude inward plaque, and -oma means
into the wall of the vessel. tumor).
 Ischemic Heart Disease

Ischemic heart disease is a group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an

insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart.

These diseases are usually associated with coronary artery disease.

Ischemic means pertaining to the disruption of the blood supply

Ischemia is a condition in which there is an insufficient supply of oxygen

in the tissues due to a restricted blood flow to a part of the body.
 Angina
 Also known as angina pectoris, is a condition in
which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an
inadequate blood flow to the myocardium.
 These episodes are due to ischemia of the heart
muscle and often progressively worsen as the blood
flow continues to be compromised, until a
myocardial infarction occurs.

Unstable angina may

Stable angina occurs
occur either during
during exertion
exertion or rest, and is a
(exercise) and resolves
precursor to a
with rest.
myocardial infarction.
 Myocardial Infarction

 Commonly known as a heart attack, is the occlusion (blockage) of one

or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup.
 The term infarction means a sudden insufficiency of blood.
 An infarct is a localized area of dead tissue caused by a lack of blood.
 This damage to the myocardium impairs the heart’s ability to pump
blood throughout the body.
 The most frequently recognized symptoms of a myocardial infarction
include pain or pressure in the middle of the chest that may spread to
the back, jaw, or left arm.
 Heart Failure
• Also referred to as congestive heart failure (CHF), occurs most
commonly in the elderly.
• In this chronic condition the heart is unable to pump out all the
blood that it receives.
• The decreased pumping action causes the congestion.

Left-sided heart failure Right-sided heart failure

• Causes an accumulation of fluid in the lungs • Causes fluid buildup throughout the rest of
also known as pulmonary edema. the body.

• This occurs because the left side of the heart • This occurs because the right side of the heart
is unable to efficiently pump oxygen-rich is unable to efficiently pump blood
blood from the lungs to the rest of the body. throughout the rest of the body.

• The increase in pressure in the veins of the • Due to the pressure of gravity, this edema, or
lungs results in localized fluid accumulation. swelling, is first noticeable in the feet and
legs.

• As this swelling worsens, it can also affect

the liver, gastrointestinal tract, or the arms.
Carditis Inflammation
of the heart
Inflammation of the inner
Endocarditis lining of the heart.

Inflammation of the lining or

Bacterial valves of the heart caused by
endocarditis the presence of bacteria in
the bloodstream.

Inflammation of the
Pericarditis pericardium.
Causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial
sac that restricts the beating of the heart, reducing the
ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body.

An uncommon condition that is an

Myocarditis inflammation of the myocardium.
Develops as a complication of
aviral infection.
 Heart Valves
 A heart murmur is an abnormal blowing or clicking sound heard when listening to the heart or a
neighboring large blood vessels.
 Heart murmurs are most often caused by defective heart valves, but do not usually require
surgery unless they affect the patient’s quality of life.

Valvulitis Valvular Prolapse Valvular Stenosis

• Is an inflammation of a • Is the abnormal • Is a condition in which

heart valve protrusion of a heart there is narrowing,
valve that results in the stiffening, thickening, or
inability of the valve to blockage of one or more
close completely valves of the heart
• Prolapse means the • Stenosis is the abnormal
falling or dropping narrowing of an
down of an organ or opening.
internal part
 Cardiac Arrest and Arrhythmia

Sudden cardiac death:

Asystole: is the
Arrhythmia: is the loss Cardiac arrest: is an results when treatment
complete lack of
of the normal rhythm of event in which the heart of cardiac arrest is not
electrical activity in the
the heartbeat. abruptly stops beating. provided within a few
heart (flat line).
minutes.

Palpitation: is a
Bradycardia: is an Tachycardia: is an pounding or racing
abnormally slow resting abnormally rapid resting heartbeat with or
heart rate. heart rate. without irregularity in
rhythm.
 Atrial and Ventricular
Fibrillations
Fibrillation:
• Describes a rapid and uncontrolled heartbeat.

Atrial fibrillation:
• Occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid,
irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall.
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia:
• Is an episode that beginsand ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and
regular heartbeats that originate in the atrium or in the AV node.
Ventricular fibrillation:
• Consists of rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles.

Ventricular tachycardia:
• Is a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles
 Thromboses and Embolisms
Thrombosis
• An embolism is the sudden
blockage of a blood vessel by an
embolus.
• An embolus is a foreign object,
such as a blood clot, a quantity of
air or gas, or a bit of tissue or
tumor that is circulating in the
blood.
Embolism
• A thrombosis is the abnormal
condition of having a thrombus.
• A thrombus is a blood clot
attached to the interior wall of an
artery or vein.
 Blood Disorders
Blood dyscrasia: Is any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood.

Is a genetic disorder in which the intestines absorb too much iron .

Hemochromatosis:
The excess iron that is absorbed enters the bloodstream and accumulates in organs where it causes damage.

Leukopenia: Is a decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood .

Polycythemia: Is an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the blood due to excess production of these cells by the bone marrow.

Septicemia: Is often associated with severe infections caused by the presence of bacteria in the blood.

Thrombocytopenia: Is a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood.

Thromocytosis: Is an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood.

Hemorrhage: Is the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time.

 Cholesterol

Cholesterol: is a fatty substance that travels through the

blood and is found in all parts of the body. It aids in the
production of cell membranes, some hormones, and vitamin
D.

Hyperlipidemia: is the general term used to describe

elevated levels of cholesterol and other fatty substances in
the blood.
 Leukemia
 Myelodysplastic: is a group of bone marrow
disorders that are characterized by the insufficient
production of one or more types of blood cells
due to dysfunction of the bone marrow.
 Leukemia: is a type of cancer characterized by a
progressive increase in the number of abnormal
leukocytes found in bloodforming tissues, other
organs, and in the circulating blood.
Anemias
 Is a lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes in the blood.
 Aplastic anemia: is characterized by an absence of all formed blood
elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone
marrow.
 Hemolytic anemia: is characterized by an inadequate number of
circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red
blood cells by the spleen.
 Iron-deficiency anemia: without sufficient iron to help create
hemoglobin, blood cannot carry oxygen effectively.
 Megaloblastic anemia: Is a blood disorder characterized by anemia
in which the red blood cells are larger than normal.
 Pernicious anemia: is caused by a lack of the protein intrinsic factor
that helps the body absorb vitamin B12 from the gastrointestinal tract.
 Thalassemia: is an inherited blood disorder that causes mild or
severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and fewer red blood cells
than normal.

Hypertension
• Commonly known as high blood
pressure, is the elevation of arterial
blood pressure to a level that is likely
to cause damage to the cardiovascular
system.
• Types: essential hypertension,
secondary hypertension, malignant
hypertension
Blood Pressure
Hypotension
• Is lower-than-normal arterial blood
pressure.
• Symptoms can include dizziness, light-
headedness, or fainting.
• Orthostatic hypotension: also known as
postural hypotension, is low blood
pressure that occurs upon standing up.