Chapter 9

Blood Pigmen
 Human
hemoglobin

 Squid and horseshoe crabs

haemocyanin

 Bristle worms
chlorocruorin
 Circulatory system

Liquid Pump Tubes

blood heart blood
vessel
 CO2
Oxygenated
O2
blood
CO2
O2

Deoxygenated
O2
blood
CO2
Function >> to pump blood around the body
Cardiac muscle >> special muscle → the heart → contracts and
relaxes regularly, throughout life
4 chamber : right atrium, left atrium, right
ventricle, left ventricle
4 chambers
✓ Right atrium
✓ Left atrium
✓ Right ventricle
✓ Left ventricle

Valve
✓ Aortic (semilunare) valve
✓ Pulmonary valve
✓ Tricuspid valve
✓ Bicuspid / mitral valve
The blood passes through the heart twice
on one complete circuit of the body >>
mammals, birds, reptiles.
The blood vessels that take the
blood to the lungs and back
(pulmonary system) → and the blood
vessels that take the blood to the
rest of the body and back

The blood passes through the heart only

once on a complete circuit >> fish
Systemic system
>> the blood vessels that take
the blood to the rest of the
body and back

Pulmonary system
>> the blood vessels that
take the blood to the
lungs and back
 CO2 CO2 CO2 CO2
“BODY” Vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle

Pulmonary artery CO2

CO2

LUNGS
O2

AORTA Left ventricle Left atrium Pulmonary vein

O2 O2 O2
O2
 Pulmonary
system

Single
circulatory
system

Systemic
system

Double circulatory system

➢ Foramen ovale
➢ Ductus arteriosus
 Ductus arterious

Foramen ovale

Umbilical
Ductus
vein
venosus

Umbilical
arteries
 Pump
blood out
Receive of the
blood → heart
(thicker, more
ventricles muscular walls
than the
atria)
Right ventricles
>> pumps blood to the lungs
(very close to the heart)

Left ventricles
>> pumps blood all around the body →
farther → thicker walls of muscle to
enable it to do it

The blood flowing to the lungs in the

pulmonary artery has a much lower
pressure than the blood in the aorta

The walls of the left

ventricles >> thicker than
the right ones
CORONARY ARTERY
The muscle of the heart are so thick that
the nutrients and oxygen in the blood
inside the heart would not be able to
diffuse to all the muscle quickly enough

The heart muscle needs a constant supply

of nutrients and oxygen → keep
contracting and relaxing → coronary
artery supply this
“CHD” CORONARY HEART DiSEASE
>> a blockage of the coronary arteries

A coronary artery gets blocked (ex :

blood clot)→ the cardiac muscles run shot
of oxygen → cannot respire → cannot
obtain energy to allow the muscles
contract → the heart stops beating → a
heart attack / cardiac arrest

Several factors that increase a person’s risk of

getting coronary heart disease
✓ Smoking
✓ Diet
✓ Obesity
✓ Stress
✓ Genes
 Preventing CHD
✓ Exercise
✓ Stop smoking
✓ Avoid diets high in animal fats

People → high blood pressure,

very over weight → drug
(statin)→ helps to reduce
cholesterol levels in the blood.
Treating CHD
 Drugs to help to lower blood pressure
: propanolol
 Drugs to decrease blood clotting:
warfarin
 Surgery→coronary by pass operation
 Angioplasty
 Heart transplant
 ✓ Stethoscope
✓ Pulse rate

Heart Beat (caused by the expansion and

relaxation of an artery, caused by
the heart pushing blood through it)

 Normal 60-75 x/minutes

 1 heart beat : lup-dub
 ECG
 Normal ECG

ECG (electrocardiography)
>> to record the activity of the heart
The sinoatrial node (SA node or the sinus
node : 1 & 2) is a group of cells located in
the wall of the right atrium of the heart.

These cells have the ability to spontaneously

produce an electrical impulse (action
potential), that travels through the heart via
the electrical conduction system causing it to
contract.

In a healthy heart, the SA node continuously

produces action potential, setting the rhythm
of the heart and so is known as the heart's
natural pacemaker. The rate of action
potential production (and therefore the
heart rate) is influenced by nerves that
supply it.
 Valves

SYSTOLE
The cardiac muscles contract → the
heart becomes smaller → squeezing
blood out
DIASTOLE
The cardiac muscles relax → the heart
becomes larger → allowing blood to flow
into the atria and ventricles
Blood Vessels
Differences between artery, vein, and capilarry
ARTERIES
• strong walls → to withstand the high pressure of the blood flowing
through them (the blood has been forced out of the heart)
• Elastic tissue → can stretch and recoil with the force of the blood >>
pulse in the wrist
VEINS
• The blood is at much lower pressure than it was in the arteries
• The blood flows more slowly, smoothly
• Wider lumen than the arteries have
• No need to have such thick, strong, elastic walls
• Have valves (to stop the blood flowing backwards)
CAPILLARIES
▪ Very small
▪ To take the nutrients, oxygen, take away ‘the waste’
▪ Very thin Sphygmomanometer
To measure the blood pressure
▪ One cell thick in the arteries of the arm
 ❖ Liquid >> Plasma (mostly water)
transport glucose, amino acid, mineral, hormon, CO2

❖ Solid
▪ RBC
▪ WBC
▪ Platelet

Blood
➢ made in the bone marrow of some bones (ribs,
vertebrae, limb bones)

➢ not live for very long , about 4 months ( RBC have made
so quickly)

➢ contain pigment haemoglobin (protein, contains iron →

carries oxygen)
RBC
➢ biconcave disc, small size (large surface area compared
with its volume) → speed up the rate at which oxygen
can diffuse in and out of the RBC, enabling to squeeze
through even the tiniest capillaries

➢ no nucleus
 WBC

➢ Have a nucleus ➢ To clear up any dead body cells

➢ Often quite large and lobe ➢ Taking in, digesting bacteria >>
phagocytosis (lobed nuclei)
➢ Can squeeze out through the walls of
➢ Produce antibodies
blood capillaries
➢ To fight pathogens
 ➢ No nucleus

➢ Small fragments of cells

➢ Made in red bone marrow

➢ Involved in blood clotting (blood

clotting stops pathogen getting
into the body through breaks in
the skin)

➢ To prevent too much blood loss

Platelets
Blood clotting
Tissue fluid

➢ Oxygen, nutrients,
carbondioxide diffuse
from the blood
through the tissue
fluid to the cells

➢ keeping the
composition and Lymph
temperature of the
blood constant >>
homeostasis Capillaries leak → plasma, white cells must be
returned to the blood → lymphatic capillaries ( the
fluid inside the lymphatic capillaries >> lymph)