Andrea Jean Miranda
General Biology 2
Lydia O. Bustamante
COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE PROCESSESS
Direction: Fill in the data table to compare and contrast the processes in plants and animals.
The different processes
Reproduction
Development
IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS
Plants
Plant reproduction is the
process by which
plants generate new
individuals, or offspring.
Reproduction is either
sexual or asexual. Asexual
reproduction is natural
“cloning.” Parts of the plant,
such as leaves or stems,
produce roots and become
an independent plant. There
are six (6) forms of asexual
reproduction in plants.
These are fission, which has
two types the binary fission
and multiple fission, the
budding, spore formation,
regeneration, fragmentation,
and vegetative propagation.
Sexual reproduction
requires fusion of male cells
in the pollen grain with
female cells in the ovule.
Plant development is
regulated in very different
ways to animals. Plant
development is a continuous
process starting with
embryogenesis and the
formation of the primary
plant body (embryonic root
and embryonic shoot) and
continuing post germination
with the regular production
of new organs (roots,
leaves, branches, and
flowers). New cells are
XII – STEM Modular
June 1, 2021
Performance Task 8
Animals
Just as in plants, there
are two modes by
which animals reproduce.
These are asexual
reproduction and sexual
reproduction.
Asexual reproduction in
animals occurs through
budding, regeneration, and
parthenogenesis. It is a
production of offspring with
genes all from one
individual, without the fusion
of gametes. On the other
hand, sexual reproduction
involves fertilization inside
the body or in the external
environment in which
gametes from opposite
sexes unite.
Animal development begins
with cleavage, a series of
mitotic cell divisions, of the
zygote. (Cleavage differs
from somatic cell division in
that the egg is subdivided by
successive cleavages into
smaller and smaller cells,
with no actual cell growth.
The cells resulting from
subdivision of the material of
the egg in this way are
called blastomeres. Three
cell divisions transform the
 produced throughout the life
of a plant within specialized
zones, called meristems,
containing self-renewing
stem cells which can
become committed to a
spectrum of developmental
fates. During plant
development, cells become
specialized for a particular
function, a process called
cell differentiation.
Nutrition Unlike animals, plants do
not have to obtain organic
materials for their nutrition,
although these form the bulk
of their tissues. By trapping
solar energy in
photosynthetic systems,
they are able to synthesize
nutrients from carbon
dioxide (CO2) and water.
Plants and some bacteria
have the green pigment
chlorophyll to help
synthesize food.
single-celled zygote into an
eight-celled structure. After
further cell division and
rearrangement of existing
cells, a solid morula is
formed, followed by a hollow
structure called a blastula.
The blastula is hollow only
in invertebrates whose eggs
have relatively small
amounts of yolk. In very
yolky eggs of vertebrates,
the yolk remains undivided,
with most cells forming an
embryonic layer on the
surface of the yolk, which
serve as food for the
developing embryo.
All living organisms need
nutrients to survive. While
plants can obtain the
molecules required for
cellular function through the
process of photosynthesis,
most animals obtain their
nutrients by the
consumption of other
organisms. At the cellular
level, the biological
molecules necessary for
animal function are amino
acids, lipid molecules,
nucleotides, and simple
sugars. However, the food
consumed consists of
protein, fat, and complex
carbohydrates. Animals
must convert these
macromolecules into the
simple molecules required
for maintaining cellular
functions, such as
assembling new molecules,
cells, and tissues. The
conversion of the food
consumed to the nutrients
required is a multi-step
process involving digestion
and absorption. During
digestion, food particles are
broken down to smaller
components, and later, they
are absorbed by the body.
Gas Exchange Plants are complex In animals, gas exchange
organisms; they exchange follows the same general
their gases with the pattern as in plants. Oxygen
environment in a rather and carbon dioxide move by
straightforward way. In diffusion across moist
aquatic plants, water passes membranes. In simple
among the tissues and animals, the exchange
provides the medium for gas occurs directly with the
exchange. In terrestrial environment. But with
plants, air enters the complex animals, such as
tissues, and the gases mammals, the exchange
diffuse into the moisture occurs between the
bathing the internal cells. In environment and the blood.
the leaf of the plant, an The blood then carries
abundant supply of carbon oxygen to deeply embedded
dioxide must be present, cells and transports carbon
and oxygen from dioxide out to where it can
photosynthesis must be be removed from the body.
removed. Gases do not
pass through the cuticle of
the leaf; they pass through
pores called stomata in the
cuticle and epidermis.
Stomata are abundant on
the lower surface of the leaf,
and they normally open
during the day when the rate
of photosynthesis is highest.

Transport and Circulation Plants have pipe-like

Animal circulatory system
vessels to transport waterhas two types the closed
and nutrients from the soil.
and open circulatory
The vessels are made of system. In a closed
special cells, forming thecirculatory system, blood is
vascular tissue. The xylemcontained inside blood
forms a continuous networkvessels and circulates
of channels that connects unidirectional from the heart
roots to the leaves through
around the systemic
the stem and branches and circulatory route, then
thus transports water to the
returns to the heart again. In
entire plant. While the main
an open circulatory system,
function of phloem is to the blood is not enclosed in
transports the soluble
blood vessels but is pumped
organic compounds made into an open cavity called a
during photosynthesis to hemocoel and is called
various parts of plant where
hemolymph because the
they are needed. This blood mixes with the
transport process is knowninterstitial fluid. As the heart
as translocation. In shortbeats and the animal
plant transport involves; moves, the hemolymph
absorption of water through
circulates around the organs
within the body cavity and
the roots and up and down
then reenters the hearts
 movement of substances in through openings called
phloem. ostia.

Excretion Unlike animals, plants do In animals, the main

not have specialized
excretory organs. Plants
produce two gaseous waste
products i.e., oxygen during
photosynthesis and carbon
dioxide during respiration.
Excretion of gaseous waste
in plants takes place
through stomatal pores on
leaves. Excess of water is
also excreted from the plant
body through the stomatal
pores and from the surfaces
of fruits and stems.
excretory products are
carbon dioxide, ammonia,
uric acid, guanine, and
creatine. The liver and
kidneys clear many
substances from the blood,
and the cleared substances
are then excreted from the
body in the urine and feces.

Chemical and Nervous Plants also don’t have a The chemical control in
Control nervous system to control animals is different than
their responses. Instead, chemical control in plants
because there are certain
their responses are
tissues that produce specific
generally controlled by
hormones. These are found
hormones, which are
in endocrine glands and
chemical messenger
hormones are made in one
molecules. A plant’s sensory
place in the organism. The
response to external stimuli
animal hormones control
relies on chemical
specific tissues and have
messengers (hormones). In
many different functions.
adaptation of chemical
control in plants. Plant
hormones are chemicals
produced by cells which
affect growth and
development of other cells.
Plant hormones are
produced in areas
of the plant that grow quickly
(root
tips, stems, buds, seeds). A
plant growth mistakenly
called movement because
of a stimulus is called a
tropism.
phototropism--response to
light
geotropism--response to
 gravity
hydrotropism--response to
water
thigmotropism--response to
touch. The plant hormones
that are responsible for this
kind of growth or
"movement" are called
AUXINS.
Sensory and Motor Movement is obvious in
Mechanisms animals but plants can
exhibit movement in several
ways by showing their own
version of locomotion. A
plant's sensory response to
external stimuli relies on
chemical messengers
(hormones). Plant hormones
affect all aspects of plant
life, from flowering to fruit
setting and maturation, and
from phototropism to leaf
fall. Potentially every cell in
a plant can produce plant
hormones. Plants, however,
are rooted in place and must
respond to the surrounding
environmental factors.
Plants have sophisticated
systems to detect and
respond to light, gravity,
temperature, and physical
touch.
Immune Systems Plants have two basic
immune pathways. First, a
pattern recognition receptor
(PRR) on the plant cell’s
surface recognizes
pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs)
released by invaders—say,
the flagellar proteins from
pathogenic bacteria. These
jump-starts signaling
pathways inside the cell that
Animals have evolved an
amazing variety of ways to
get around. There are
animals with no legs;
animals with one
appendage that serves as a
"leg" (snails, clams);
animals with two, four, six,
or eight legs; animals with
dozens of legs; even
animals with hundreds of
legs. There are animals that
move constantly, and
animals that stay in one
place for their entire adult
life. All animals move, but
not all animals locomote. In
ethology, or the study of
animal behavior, locomotion
is defined as movement that
results in progression from
one place to another.
Animals that spend all or
nearly all their entire adult
life in one place are called
sessile. Animals that move
around are called motile.
All animals possess a
primitive system of defense
against the pathogens to
which they are susceptible.
The other part, called
cellular innate immunity, is
carried out by cells called
phagocytes that ingest and
degrade, or ``eat''
pathogens and by so-called
natural killer cells that
destroy certain cancerous
spur the production of cells. Animals are under
reactive oxygen species constant threat of microbial
(ROS) and antimicrobial invasion. These potential
invaders gain access to the
compounds, which are
body through the intestine
secreted to combat the
and respiratory tract and the
pathogen. PAMP-triggered
skin. The large and diverse
pathways can also lead to
microbiota of the intestine
changes in gene expression
serves to protect the
and hormone levels. Plant
intestine from infectious
immune systems must
invaders by occupying a
integrate a diversity of
niche that precludes other
factors to successfully fight
organisms from
off pathogens without
establishment there. Other
harming the plant. Defense-
potential invaders are
related changes in hormone
infectious agents spread
signaling, for example, can
from other individuals. There
interfere with plant growth.
are three defense
Many species power down
mechanism to prevent
their immune systems at
microbial invasion. The
night, when growing ramps
physical barriers, innate
up. Plant immunity also
immunity, and adaptive
fluctuates with changes in
immunity. These three are
temperature, humidity, and
series of defenses that
light exposure, and is likely
collectively constitute a
dependent on a plant’s
highly effective defense
microbiota below and above
against invasion. 
the soil.