Professional Documents
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Class 10 Science
Revision Notes
CHAPTER – 8
HOW DO ORGANISM REPRODUCE
REPRODUCTION
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
1. Both Parents involved
1. A single parent is involved
2. Gametes are formed
2. Gametes not formed
3. Progeny is only genetically similar to
3.Progeny is Identical to parent
the parent but not identical
MODES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION : the mode depends on the body design of the
organism.
1. FISSION:The parent cell divides/splits into two daughter cell-Binary Fission; splits into
many cells-multiple Fission.
FISSION
Binary Fission
The parents cell divides into two equal halves
Equal halves (daughter cells) Multiple Fission
E.g. Amoeba follows transverse binary The parent cell divides into many
fission,i.e. fissin in any plane. daughter cell simultaneously.
->Leishmania has a whip-like structure at one Eg. Plasmodium
end and binary fission occurs in a definite
orientation.
the process where nucleus lengthens is NUCLEOKINESIS and where the cytoplasm
lenghthens is CYTOKINESIS.
2. BUDDING: A bud develops as an outgrowth on parent body due to repeated cell division at
a specific site. These buds detach from the parent body when they mature.
3. SPORE FORMATION : Spores which are present in sporangia, are small, bulb like
It is the accidental process when the brokenpieces of an organism (fragments) grows into a
complete organism.
5. REGENERATION : When the simple animals like Hydra ,Planaria develop a new
individual from their broken older part it is known as regeneration. It is carried out by
specialised cells which divide and differentiate to form the complete individual. These cells
multiply and from this mass of cells other parts are generated. Regeneration follows an
organised sequence referred to as DEVELOPMENT.
A mode of reproduction in which reproduction takes place from the vegetative parts like the
stem, root, leaves.
Natural
Artificial
1. Grafting : E.g. Mango.
2. Cutting : E.g. Rose
3. Layering : E.g. Jasmine
4. Tissue adture : E.g. Orchids, Ornamental Plants.
Sexual Reproduction
When reproduction takes place as a result of fusion of two gamets, one from each parent, it is
called sexual reproduction.
FLOWERS
Bisexual Flowers Multiple Fission
Both male and female reproductive The parent cell divides into many
part i.e., stamen & carpel are present daughter cell simultaneously.
& carpel are present. Eg. Hibiscus, mustard Eg. Plasmodium
A typical flower consists of four main whorls namely calyx (sepals), Corolla (Petals),
Androecium (Stamens) and Gynoecium (Carpels).
Zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule. The ovule develops
a tough coat and is converted into a seed.
Ovary grows rapidly and ripens to forms a fruit, while the seed contains the future
plant or embryo which develops into a seedling under suitable condition. This process
is known as Germination.
Flowers can also be unisexual(contain either stamen or carpel) or bisexual(contains
The formation of male germ cell (sperms) takes place in the testes(male reproductive
organ)
A pair of testes are located inside scrotum which is present outside the abdominal
cavity. Scrotum has a relatively low temperature needed for the production of sperms
by testes.
Testes release a male sex hormone called testosterone and its function is to:
The sperms along with the secretion of prostate gland and seminalvesicle, together
constitute semen, which is released and made to enter into the female genital tract
during Copulation.
The female germ cells or eggs are produced in the ovaries. (located in both side of
abdomen).
When a girl is born, the ovaries already contain thousands of immature eggs.
At puberty, some of these eggs start maturing. One egg is produced every month by
one of the ovaries.
The Egg is carried from the ovary to the womb through a fallopian tube. These two
fallopian tube unite into an elastic bag like structure known as uterus.
The Uterus opens into the vagina through the cervix.
Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube of female genital tract.
The fertilized egg also called zygote (2n) gets implanted in the lining of the uterus, and
start dividing. Actually uterus is richly supplied with blood to nourish the growing
embryo. If zygote is not formed, the inner wall of uterus breaks which causes
bleeding through vagina. This process is called MENSTRUATION. It occurs at a
regular interval of 28 days.
The Embryo gets nutrition from the mother's blood with the help of a special tissue
called PLACENTA. It provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from
the mother to the embryo. Similarly the wastes from developing embryo are removed
to mother's blood through placenta.
The time period from fertilization upto the birth of the baby is called Gestation
Period. In humans, it is about nine months (36 weeks).
The sexual cycle (Menstruation) in a woman continues upto the age of 45-50 years.
After that the ovaries do not release egg. This stage is called Menopause. It also marks
the end of the reproductive life of a woman.
Reprocutive Health:
c. Healthy society needs a balanced sex ratio that can be achieved by educating people
to avoid malpractices like female foeticide & prenatal sex determination.
Reproduction, unlike other life processes, is not essential to maintain the life of an
individual organism.
Reproduction involves creation of a DNA copy and additional cellular apparatus by
the cell involved in the process.
Various organisms use different modes of reproduction depending on their body
design.
In fission, many bacteria and protozoa simply divide into two or more daughter cells.
Organisms such as hydra can regenerate if they are broken into pieces. They can also
give out buds which mature into new individuals.