Anatomy and Physiology/ Immune System

Chapter 12- Objectives:

1. Explain what is meant by immunity.
2. Describe the aspects of innate immunity.
3. Describe the adaptive immunity: cell mediated immunity and antibody- mediated.
4. Describe the responses to a first and second exposure to pathogen.
5. Explain the difference genetic immunity and acquired immunity.
6. Explain the difference between passive acquired immunity and active acquired immunity.
7. Explain how vaccines work.

Pretest
Identify what is asked in each item.
1. It generates plasma cells that secrete antibodies in large quantities in response to
antigens in the intestines. ___________________________
2. Involve in the formation of antibodies, which help destroy foreign substances.
___________________________
3. What is the term used in a condition if an irritant is caused by Pathogens
(bacteria and viruses)? ___________________________
4. This is released in the site of tissue damage, bringing in extra phagocytes and
antibodies to fight infection. ___________________________
5. This is the product of inflammation which is formed in certain infection.
___________________________
6. One of the functions of T- cells is to stimulate B- cells to produce _______________.
7. This triggers the release of histamine and other inflammatory substances.
___________________________
8. These antibodies produce circulating antibodies to act against antigens. ______________
9. These promote an intense inflammatory response. _________________________
10. The full function of this antibody is unknown. ___________________________
11. Humoral immunity is the process by which B lymphocytes produce circulating
antibodies to act against __________________.
12. This type of cell regulates the activity of natural killer T-cells. ________________
13. It causes small blood vessels in the area to become dilated and leaky.
___________________________
14. It houses phagocyte cells and lymphocytes, body defense and resistance to disease.
___________________________
15. This merges from lymphatic capillaries. ___________________________
 Immune System

Organs of the immune system:

1. Bone Marrow: _______________________________.
2. Thymus: ____________________________________.
3. Spleen: _____________________________________.
4. Lymph nodes: _______________________________.
The Immune System: ___________________________________
____________________________________.

Cells:
Lymphocytes
a. B- cells
b. T- cell
c. NK- cells

Line of Defense
A. FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE:
- Nonspecific defenses- do not involve the production of ____________
1. Skin
Epidermis forms a shield against invaders and secretes chemicals that kill potential
invaders.
Shed between 40 – 50 thousand skin cells every day.
 2. Mucous membrane
Hair-like structures called cilia sweep this mucus into the throat for coughing or
swallowing.
3. Saliva
Saliva contains chemicals that break down bacteria.
4. Stomach acid
Swallowed bacteria are broken down by incredibly strong acids in the stomach that
break down your food

B. SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

Specific defenses- involve in the formation of _______________.
1. White blood cells
Responsible for eating foreign particles by engulfing them.
Once engulfed, the phagocyte breaks the foreign particles apart in organelles
called Lysosomes.

2. Interferon
Interferon – chemical that interferes with the ability to viruses to
attack other body cells.
_______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________.
3. T- cells
“Natural killer” cells, recognize infected human cells and cancer cells.
_________________________________________________________
_____________________________.

Differentiation of T cells
1. Helper T cells (CD4 T cells)- essential for differentiation of B cells into
plasma cells and their secretion of anti-bodies.
2. Suppressor T Cells
_____________________________________________________.
Regulate the activity of _______________________cells.
Suppresses the production of ________________.
Suppresses _________________responses.
 3. Natural killer (NK) T cells
This migrates from lymphoid tissue to the site of foreign cell invasions.
Secrete a group of small proteins, called lymphokines.
Prevent the reproduction of invading microorganisms, infected host cells or
viruses.

4. Inflammatory response
Triggered when body tissues are injured.

Phases:
1. Redness: __________________________________________________.
2. Swelling: _________________________________________________.
3. Pain: _____________________________________________________.

Injured body cells release chemicals called histamines, which begin inflammatory
response:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________

Example of Irritants
1. Pathogen
2. Friction
3. Excessive heat and cold
4. Radiation
5. Chemicals
Inflammation process
1 ______________________________
______________________________
______________________________

2
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3
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4
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5
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6
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 Nonspecific antiviral and antibacterial substances

1. Complement- group of proteins and factors that circulate in blood until activated.
Has the ability to enhance the body’s many defensive action.
______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________.

2. Interferon- small protein molecules produced by virally infected cells and by T cells.
Protects the body cells _____________________________________________.

3. Defensins- An antibiotic inside neutrophils consist of related proteins.

It destroys a wider range of bacteria, fungi and viruses.

Antigen
Substance against which an antibody is produced.
When antigens enter the body, they cause the production of specific
antibodies.
______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________.
Antibodies
Proteins produced by B cells in response to _____________.
React with antigen, triggering a complex process, called _______________.

Classes of antibodies
1. Ig A molecules- found on mucous membrane of the nose and throat- help fight
respiratory allergens.
Antibody in saliva, tears, secretions from intestinal and respiratory tracts
and mother’s milk.
2. Ig D molecules- antigen- triggered lymphocytes differentiation.
____________________________________________________________
3. Ig E molecule- responsible for immediate allergic reaction.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
4. Ig G molecules- pass through placenta during pregnancy- natural passive
immunity.
5. Ig M molecules- major antigen fighters.
Secreted into the blood during the early stages of a first time exposure.
Immunity- A state of relative resistance to a disease.

Humoral (antibody- mediated) Immunity

B lymphocytes produce circulating antibodies to act against antigens.
Most active against: ______________________________________________
_____________________________________.

T cells and cell- mediated immunity

Respond to specific antigens.
T cells gives protection by:
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
Genetic immunity
Does not involve antibodies or the immune system, this is programmed in DNA
Result of our genetic makeup meaning:
Example:
1. Dogs and cats have genetic immunity to measles and virus, which is pathogen
only for human.
2. Mice leukemia affects only mice, but not people because we have genetic
immunity to them,
Acquired Immunity
a. Naturally acquired
1. Active- Infection contact of antigen.
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2. Passive- antibodies pass from mother to fetus via the placenta (Ig G); or to
infant in her milk (Ig A).
b. Artificially acquired
1. Active- Vaccine dead or attenuated pathogens.
Ex. Vaccine- antigens are deliberately introduced into the immune system
to produce immunity.
2. Passive- Injection of immune serum (gamma globulin/immune globulins)
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
__________ .