ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

LECTURE

TISSUE STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM

o COLLECTION OF SPECIALIZED - more than one layer but only basal attached
to the base
CELLS
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM
HISTOLOGY
- appears to be stratified but not some cells are
- Microscopic study of tissues
tall that extends to the surface but some are
BIOPSY
shorter
- The process of removing tissue samples from
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
patients surgically or with a needle
- The shape of the cells changes
AUTOPSY
- Postmortem examination of the organs to
determine the cause of death

TYPES OF BODY TISSUE

SHAPES OF EPITHELIUM

EPITHELIALTISSUES / EPITHELIUM
SQUAMOUS
- cells are flat or scalelike
- sheets of cells which is closely packed, often CUBOIDAL
with tight junctions. - cube shaped same in tallness and width
- covers the outside of body, organs, cavity COLUMNAR
- - Tall and thin
CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIUM

o Mostly composed of cells ACCORDING TO CELL LAYERS

o Covers body surface
o Distinct tissue surfaces SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
o Cell and matrix connection - has only one layer of cells and primary
o Nonvasvular (less activity) function is to move
o Regeneration materials
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIUM
- has a single layer but appears to have many
due to cells’ nuclei are placed at many levels
o Protecting underlying structures STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
o Acting as a barrier - has multiple layer of cells and intended for
o Permitting the passage of substances protection
o Secreting substances
o Absorbing substances

CLASSIFICATIONS OF EPITHELIUM

SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
- Single layer from the base to the surface

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CELL Structure: Function: Location:

- single layer of flat -diffusion, -lining of blood
hexagonal cells filtration, vessels and heart
- Nuclei appears to be secretion lymphatic vessels,
bumped and protection alveoli of lungs, lining
of serous membrane,
body cavities

-Single layer cubed - Secretion and -kidney tubules,

shape absorption glands
- movement of Choroid plexuses,
particles lining of terminal
bronchioles, surface of
the ovaries
Single layer of tall Movement of Glands, bronchioles,
narrow cells particles auditory tubes, uterus
and uterine tubes,
stomach, intestine,
gall bladder, bile
ducts, ventricles of
brain
Multiple layers of cells Protection and Keratinized skin
that are cube-shaped in reduction of Nonkeratinized- mouth
the basal layer water loss pharynx, larynx,
progressively flattened esophagus, anus,
towards the surface vagina, inferior
urethra, cornea

Multiple layer of cubed Protection, Sweat gland ducts,

shaped cells secretion, ovarian follicular cells,
absorption salivary ducts

Multiple layer of tall thin Protection and Mammary gland

cells resisting on cube secretion ducts, larynx, male
shaped cells urethra

Single layer of cells, Synthesis and Trachea, bronchi,

some cells are tall and secretion of nasal cavity, auditory
thin mucus tubes, pharynx

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Stratified cells that Accomocate Lining of the urinary
appear cube-shaped fluctuations in bladder, ureters,
when not stretched and the volume of superior urethra
squamous when fluid
stretched
Number of layers
decreases when
stretched

CELL CONNECTIONS
o Cells have structures that hold them together
o Mechanically bind cells together
o Help form permeability barrier
o Provide mechanism for intercellular
o communication
DEMOSOMES  Separated from the epithelium and no ducts
adhesive glycoprotein that binds the  Have extensive blood vessels
cell together and intracellular proteins attached to  Secretes hormone
the intermediate filaments. UNICELLULAR GLAND
HEMIDEMOSOMES  Composed of single cell
 Goblet cell
attach cells to the basement

TIGHT JUNCTIONS
 fuse cells together tightly to prevent substances
from passing between the cells.
 formed by protein in the plasma membrane of
adjacent cell
ADHESION BELT
 found below tight junctions
 found between plasma membranes of adjacent
cell
 acts as weak glue that holds the cell together
Adherens junctions have a dense layer of proteins just inside the
nplasma membrane called a plaque
that runs along micro laments to forma belt or strap-like structure
called an adhesion belt.
sts separation evenwhen stretched.
GAP JUNCTION
 small specialized contact region between cells
containing protein channels that
aid intercellular communication
INTERCALATED DISKS-
 gap junction between cardiac
muscle cells.
 Contain both gap junctions
and demosomes
GLANDS
 Secretory organs
 Epithelium with supporting
connective tissue
 Develops from and infolding or
outfolding of epithelium in the
embryo
EXOCRINE GLANDS
 Glands with ducts
 Lines the epithelium
ENDOCRINE GLANDS

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MULTICELLULAR GLANDS - contains large amount of lipids
- Abundant in loose connective tissues
SIMPLE GLANDS
Have a single non-branched ducts Mast cells
- Contains enzymes such as heparin,
COMPUND GLAND histamine, and proteolytic enzymes that
Have multiple branched ducts responses to injury
TUBULAR GLANDS - Common beneath the loose connective tissue
With secretory regions shapes as tubules along small blood vessels
Acinar/Alveolar- with secretory regions shapes as
sacs
Tubuloacinar/Tubualveolar-combination WHITE BLOOD CELLS/ LEUKOCYTES
- Continuously moves from the blood vessel
EXOCRINE GLANDS into the connective tissue
MEROCRINE SECRETION - Increase in the movement in response to the
 Exocytosis injury
 Water producing sweat glands and pancreas MACROPHAGES
APOCRINE SECRETION - Large phagocytic cells
 Release of secretory products as pinched of - Derived from a white blood cell (monocytes)
fragments of cells - May be fixed in the tissue or wandering
 Mammary gland PLATELETS
HOLOCRINE SECRETION - Fragment of hemopoietic cells containing
 Shedding of the entire cells enzymes
 The cell ruptures and dies - Clotting wounds and reduce bleeding of
 Sebaceous glands wounds
UNDIFFERENTIATED MESENCHYMAL
CONNECTIVE TISSUES CELLS
- Adult stem cell
- Makes up part of every organ in the body - Have potential to form multiple cell types
- Cells separated from each other by abundant 3 KINDS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS
extracellular matrix
COLLAGENOUS FIBERS
o Enclosing and separating other tissues - Strength and flexibility
o Connecting tissues to one another - Collagen- strong flexible bundles of the
o Supporting and moving parts of the body protein collagen, the most abundant protein
in the body
- Protecting
RETICULAR FIBERS
o Storing compounds
- Fills the spaces between tissues and organs
o Cushioning and insulating
- Very short and thin that branch to form a
o Transporting network
CELLS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE ELASTIC FIBERS
- Elasticity
BLASTS- - Stretches like a rubber
Creates the matrix - Consist of protein elastin
CYTES MAJOR TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Maintains the matrix EMBRYONIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
CLASTS - Forms the embryo during third and fourth
Breaks down the matrix for remodeling weeks of development
Osteoblasts- bone cells that forms the bone - All adult connective tissue develops from it
Osteoclast- breaks down MESENCHYME
STRUCTURE:
Chondroblasts- forms the cartilage - Irregular shaped
Chondrocytes- maintains the cartilage - Extracellular matrix is abundant with reticular
fibers
Fibroblasts- forms fibrous connective tissue LOCATION
Fibrocytes- maintains fibrous connective - This is where all the connective tissue arise
tissue MUCOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE
STRUCTURE
Adipocytes/adipose

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- Mesenchymal tissues that remains DENSE IRREGULAR ELASTIC CONNECTIVE
unspecialized TISSUE
LOCATION STRUCTURE: composed of bundles and sheets of
- Umbilical cord of newborn
collagenous and elastic fibers in multiple directions
FUNCTION: capable of strength and stretching
LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Binds the epithelia to underlying tissues and LOCATION: elastic arteries
hold the organs together
- Composed of 3 types of fibers
- Skin
AEREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
STRUCTURE:
- Cells within a network of collagen fibers

FUNCTION
Loose packing support, nourishment

LOCATION
- Widely distributed in the body

ADIPOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

STRUCTURE: little extracellular matrix
Filled with lipids
FUNCTION : insulation, energy storage, protection
LOCATION: subcutaneous area, mesenteries, renal
pelvis, kidney colon and mammary gland

RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

STRUCTURE: fine networks of reticular fibers
arranged
FUNCTIONS: provides superstructure for lymphatic
and hemopoietic tissues
LOCATION: lymp nodes, spleen, bone marrow

DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
STRUCTURE: matrix composed of collagen fibers
that run one direction
FUNCTION: withstand great pulling and stretch
resistance
LOCATION: tendons and ligaments
DENSE REGULAR ELASTIC CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
STRUCTURE: composed of regularly arranged
collagen and elastic fiber
-responsible for producing voice
FUNCTION: able to stretch
LOCATION: vocal folds and elastic ligaments
DENSE IRREGULAR COLLAGENOUS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
STRUCTURE: matrix composed of collagen fibers
that run in all directions or alternating planes
FUNCTION: withstand stretching
LOCATION: ski

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